John Harrington – Baltimore Sun https://www.baltimoresun.com Baltimore Sun: Your source for Baltimore breaking news, sports, business, entertainment, weather and traffic Mon, 11 Dec 2023 21:44:25 +0000 en-US hourly 30 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.2 https://www.baltimoresun.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/baltimore-sun-favicon.png?w=32 John Harrington – Baltimore Sun https://www.baltimoresun.com 32 32 208788401 The 25 richest Americans of all time https://www.baltimoresun.com/2023/05/31/the-25-richest-americans-of-all-time/ Wed, 31 May 2023 12:54:00 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com/2023/05/31/the-25-richest-americans-of-all-time/
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The U.S. is home to, at last count, 735 billionaires, the most of any country, who have a combined net worth of $4.5 trillion, according to Forbes magazine. By combining business savvy, the outlook of a visionary, good luck, and a sometimes merciless approach to competition, a select few Americans have been able to amass fortunes worth billions.

To determine the 25 richest Americans of all time, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed wealth estimates of prominent Americans, both living and dead, from historical and media sources, including the Forbes Real-Time Billionaires list. We converted the estimated net worth of those who have passed away into current U.S. dollars using the CPI inflation calculator from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The figures for those not living are our best attempt to estimate each person’s peak net worth.

The 25 billionaires on the list have amassed fortunes the equivalent of $66 billion, in 2023 dollars, or much more. Of the 25 wealthiest Americans ever, 10 are still alive and hold a combined net worth of more than $1.17 trillion. Many of these billionaires have made their fortunes in the tech sector, which has become a driving force of the American economy. (See where America’s 25 richest billionaires went to college.)

Many of the other richest Americans on our list gained their wealth beginning in the Industrial Revolution and during the Gilded Age of the late 19th century, when bankers and industrialists controlled power and wealth with little interference from government. This was when America’s westward expansion accelerated, and cities swelled with immigrants and those looking for employment opportunities. The richest Americans took advantage of these trends and made their fortunes in coal, steel, oil, railroads, and shipping.
 

Some of these so-called “robber barons” amassed their wealth through ethically questionable means, bribing politicians, preventing workers from organizing, and ruthlessly crushing rivals.

Much like the Gilded Age, income inequality has become a major issue in the U.S. today as technology has contributed to creating a more bifurcated income structure. (See the CEOs of major U.S. companies who are paid 1,000 times more than their employees.)

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The U.S. is home to, at last count, 735 billionaires, the most of any country, who have a combined net worth of $4.5 trillion, according to Forbes magazine. By combining business savvy, the outlook of a visionary, good luck, and a sometimes merciless approach to competition, a select few Americans have been able to amass fortunes worth billions.

To determine the 25 richest Americans of all time, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed wealth estimates of prominent Americans, both living and dead, from historical and media sources, including the Forbes Real-Time Billionaires list. We converted the estimated net worth of those who have passed away into current U.S. dollars using the CPI inflation calculator from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The figures for those not living are our best attempt to estimate each person’s peak net worth.

The 25 billionaires on the list have amassed fortunes the equivalent of $66 billion, in 2023 dollars, or much more. Of the 25 wealthiest Americans ever, 10 are still alive and hold a combined net worth of more than $1.17 trillion. Many of these billionaires have made their fortunes in the tech sector, which has become a driving force of the American economy. (See where America’s 25 richest billionaires went to college.)

Many of the other richest Americans on our list gained their wealth beginning in the Industrial Revolution and during the Gilded Age of the late 19th century, when bankers and industrialists controlled power and wealth with little interference from government. This was when America’s westward expansion accelerated, and cities swelled with immigrants and those looking for employment opportunities. The richest Americans took advantage of these trends and made their fortunes in coal, steel, oil, railroads, and shipping.
 

Some of these so-called “robber barons” amassed their wealth through ethically questionable means, bribing politicians, preventing workers from organizing, and ruthlessly crushing rivals.

Much like the Gilded Age, income inequality has become a major issue in the U.S. today as technology has contributed to creating a more bifurcated income structure. (See the CEOs of major U.S. companies who are paid 1,000 times more than their employees.)

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The U.S. is home to, at last count, 735 billionaires, the most of any country, who have a combined net worth of $4.5 trillion, according to Forbes magazine. By combining business savvy, the outlook of a visionary, good luck, and a sometimes merciless approach to competition, a select few Americans have been able to amass fortunes worth billions.

To determine the 25 richest Americans of all time, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed wealth estimates of prominent Americans, both living and dead, from historical and media sources, including the Forbes Real-Time Billionaires list. We converted the estimated net worth of those who have passed away into current U.S. dollars using the CPI inflation calculator from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The figures for those not living are our best attempt to estimate each person’s peak net worth.

The 25 billionaires on the list have amassed fortunes the equivalent of $66 billion, in 2023 dollars, or much more. Of the 25 wealthiest Americans ever, 10 are still alive and hold a combined net worth of more than $1.17 trillion. Many of these billionaires have made their fortunes in the tech sector, which has become a driving force of the American economy. (See where America’s 25 richest billionaires went to college.)

Many of the other richest Americans on our list gained their wealth beginning in the Industrial Revolution and during the Gilded Age of the late 19th century, when bankers and industrialists controlled power and wealth with little interference from government. This was when America’s westward expansion accelerated, and cities swelled with immigrants and those looking for employment opportunities. The richest Americans took advantage of these trends and made their fortunes in coal, steel, oil, railroads, and shipping.
 

Some of these so-called “robber barons” amassed their wealth through ethically questionable means, bribing politicians, preventing workers from organizing, and ruthlessly crushing rivals.

Much like the Gilded Age, income inequality has become a major issue in the U.S. today as technology has contributed to creating a more bifurcated income structure. (See the CEOs of major U.S. companies who are paid 1,000 times more than their employees.)

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $66.0 billion

Moses Taylor’s father was an assistant to another one of the richest Americans of all time, John Jacob Astor. Taylor used the money his father earned to make a number of investments, notably in railroads, shipping, steel, and coal.

In 1837, Taylor became a director of New York’s City Bank, which today is known as CitiBank. He worked his way up the ranks to become president of the bank in 1856, a position he held until his death in 1882.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $66.0 billion

Moses Taylor’s father was an assistant to another one of the richest Americans of all time, John Jacob Astor. Taylor used the money his father earned to make a number of investments, notably in railroads, shipping, steel, and coal.

In 1837, Taylor became a director of New York’s City Bank, which today is known as CitiBank. He worked his way up the ranks to become president of the bank in 1856, a position he held until his death in 1882.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $66.0 billion

Moses Taylor’s father was an assistant to another one of the richest Americans of all time, John Jacob Astor. Taylor used the money his father earned to make a number of investments, notably in railroads, shipping, steel, and coal.

In 1837, Taylor became a director of New York’s City Bank, which today is known as CitiBank. He worked his way up the ranks to become president of the bank in 1856, a position he held until his death in 1882.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $76.5 billion

Andrew Mellon and his brother Richard worked together from a young age to become business magnates, and both rank among the richest Americans of all time. The son of wealthy banker Thomas Mellon, Andrew Mellon joined the family banking firm and eventually took ownership. He also helped found the Union Trust Company and the Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh.

The success of these institutions allowed Mellon to invest heavily in emerging sectors, which would net him much of his fortune. He helped found the Aluminum Company of America and the Gulf Oil Corporation. He later served as a U.S. secretary of the treasury for more than a decade.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $76.5 billion

Andrew Mellon and his brother Richard worked together from a young age to become business magnates, and both rank among the richest Americans of all time. The son of wealthy banker Thomas Mellon, Andrew Mellon joined the family banking firm and eventually took ownership. He also helped found the Union Trust Company and the Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh.

The success of these institutions allowed Mellon to invest heavily in emerging sectors, which would net him much of his fortune. He helped found the Aluminum Company of America and the Gulf Oil Corporation. He later served as a U.S. secretary of the treasury for more than a decade.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $76.5 billion

Andrew Mellon and his brother Richard worked together from a young age to become business magnates, and both rank among the richest Americans of all time. The son of wealthy banker Thomas Mellon, Andrew Mellon joined the family banking firm and eventually took ownership. He also helped found the Union Trust Company and the Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh.

The success of these institutions allowed Mellon to invest heavily in emerging sectors, which would net him much of his fortune. He helped found the Aluminum Company of America and the Gulf Oil Corporation. He later served as a U.S. secretary of the treasury for more than a decade.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $81.4 billion

Henry Ford is one of the most prominent American industrialists. He is celebrated not just for the car company that bears his name, but his business innovations like the assembly line that allowed his workers to construct an entire automobile in a fraction of the time it took before.

This quick build allowed Ford to sell his Model T cars inexpensively enough that it was the first automobile most Americans could actually afford to buy. In fact, at one point, more than half of all Americans owned a Model T. Thanks to the success of his company, Ford was believed to be the richest man in America for the last decade of his life, from 1937 to 1947.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $81.4 billion

Henry Ford is one of the most prominent American industrialists. He is celebrated not just for the car company that bears his name, but his business innovations like the assembly line that allowed his workers to construct an entire automobile in a fraction of the time it took before.

This quick build allowed Ford to sell his Model T cars inexpensively enough that it was the first automobile most Americans could actually afford to buy. In fact, at one point, more than half of all Americans owned a Model T. Thanks to the success of his company, Ford was believed to be the richest man in America for the last decade of his life, from 1937 to 1947.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $81.4 billion

Henry Ford is one of the most prominent American industrialists. He is celebrated not just for the car company that bears his name, but his business innovations like the assembly line that allowed his workers to construct an entire automobile in a fraction of the time it took before.

This quick build allowed Ford to sell his Model T cars inexpensively enough that it was the first automobile most Americans could actually afford to buy. In fact, at one point, more than half of all Americans owned a Model T. Thanks to the success of his company, Ford was believed to be the richest man in America for the last decade of his life, from 1937 to 1947.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $90.8 Billion

Mark Zuckerberg has been such an influential figure of modern life that at 26 years old, Hollywood has already made a film about his rise to prominence. While at Harvard, Zuckerberg co-created what would later become the social media juggernaut Facebook.

With approximately a 13% stake in Meta Platforms, Facebook’s parent, Zuckerberg’s wealth is linked to the company’s stock market performance. His wealth took a hit in 2022 as investors rejected his wager on the future of the metaverse. His estimated fortune had decreased by $71 billion, or 57%, from 2021, according to The Street.

Zuckerberg eventually shifted back to focus on the company’s core business of products and services for social network users, and the company also had two major rounds of jobs cuts beginning in November 2022. Since then, the company’s stock has more than doubled, as has Zuckerberg’s fortune, up by $45.2 billion to $90.8 billion as of May 22, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.

Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, have pledged to give away nearly all of their Facebook stock throughout their lifetimes.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $90.8 Billion

Mark Zuckerberg has been such an influential figure of modern life that at 26 years old, Hollywood has already made a film about his rise to prominence. While at Harvard, Zuckerberg co-created what would later become the social media juggernaut Facebook.

With approximately a 13% stake in Meta Platforms, Facebook’s parent, Zuckerberg’s wealth is linked to the company’s stock market performance. His wealth took a hit in 2022 as investors rejected his wager on the future of the metaverse. His estimated fortune had decreased by $71 billion, or 57%, from 2021, according to The Street.

Zuckerberg eventually shifted back to focus on the company’s core business of products and services for social network users, and the company also had two major rounds of jobs cuts beginning in November 2022. Since then, the company’s stock has more than doubled, as has Zuckerberg’s fortune, up by $45.2 billion to $90.8 billion as of May 22, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.

Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, have pledged to give away nearly all of their Facebook stock throughout their lifetimes.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $90.8 Billion

Mark Zuckerberg has been such an influential figure of modern life that at 26 years old, Hollywood has already made a film about his rise to prominence. While at Harvard, Zuckerberg co-created what would later become the social media juggernaut Facebook.

With approximately a 13% stake in Meta Platforms, Facebook’s parent, Zuckerberg’s wealth is linked to the company’s stock market performance. His wealth took a hit in 2022 as investors rejected his wager on the future of the metaverse. His estimated fortune had decreased by $71 billion, or 57%, from 2021, according to The Street.

Zuckerberg eventually shifted back to focus on the company’s core business of products and services for social network users, and the company also had two major rounds of jobs cuts beginning in November 2022. Since then, the company’s stock has more than doubled, as has Zuckerberg’s fortune, up by $45.2 billion to $90.8 billion as of May 22, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.

Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, have pledged to give away nearly all of their Facebook stock throughout their lifetimes.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $90.8 billion

A hardworking salesman, Marshall Field earned his fortune from his eponymous chain of department stores. He started a job at a Chicago mercantile house as a teen and worked his way up the store ranks to become a partner. He eventually bought out his partners and renamed the stores Marshall Field and Company.

Field is credited with coining the phrase “the customer is always right,” and this motto helped his business become successful. He is also seen as an innovator, catering to a newly emerging middle class and female customers in the years after the Civil War.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $90.8 billion

A hardworking salesman, Marshall Field earned his fortune from his eponymous chain of department stores. He started a job at a Chicago mercantile house as a teen and worked his way up the store ranks to become a partner. He eventually bought out his partners and renamed the stores Marshall Field and Company.

Field is credited with coining the phrase “the customer is always right,” and this motto helped his business become successful. He is also seen as an innovator, catering to a newly emerging middle class and female customers in the years after the Civil War.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $90.8 billion

A hardworking salesman, Marshall Field earned his fortune from his eponymous chain of department stores. He started a job at a Chicago mercantile house as a teen and worked his way up the store ranks to become a partner. He eventually bought out his partners and renamed the stores Marshall Field and Company.

Field is credited with coining the phrase “the customer is always right,” and this motto helped his business become successful. He is also seen as an innovator, catering to a newly emerging middle class and female customers in the years after the Civil War.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $94.5 Billion

Michael Bloomberg worked on Wall Street at the beginning of his career but eventually created his own information technology company to serve the financial industry, which is the primary driver of his fortune. His company quickly became successful thanks to the Bloomberg Terminal, which in 1982 began offering traders a computerized way to collect, analyze, and share data.

Bloomberg eventually served as a three-term mayor of New York City and launched an unsuccessful presidential bid in 2019.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $94.5 Billion

Michael Bloomberg worked on Wall Street at the beginning of his career but eventually created his own information technology company to serve the financial industry, which is the primary driver of his fortune. His company quickly became successful thanks to the Bloomberg Terminal, which in 1982 began offering traders a computerized way to collect, analyze, and share data.

Bloomberg eventually served as a three-term mayor of New York City and launched an unsuccessful presidential bid in 2019.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $94.5 Billion

Michael Bloomberg worked on Wall Street at the beginning of his career but eventually created his own information technology company to serve the financial industry, which is the primary driver of his fortune. His company quickly became successful thanks to the Bloomberg Terminal, which in 1982 began offering traders a computerized way to collect, analyze, and share data.

Bloomberg eventually served as a three-term mayor of New York City and launched an unsuccessful presidential bid in 2019.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $94.8 billion

Jay Gould epitomized the “robber baron” era of American capitalism, often resorting to unscrupulous methods to gain and maintain wealth. Born to a poor farming family in New York, Gould worked in an animal hide tannery until he had enough money to invest in railroads.

Gould employed a number of underhanded tactics that made him, by his own admission, the most hated man in America. He fraudulently manipulated stock prices, and then bribed New York state politicians to allow such maneuvers. He also cracked down hard on labor organizers and strikes, and was vilified for it in the media. Yet Gould continued to accumulate wealth, and by the time of his death, he was one of the wealthiest Americans in history, racking up a fortune worth over $84 billion today.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $94.8 billion

Jay Gould epitomized the “robber baron” era of American capitalism, often resorting to unscrupulous methods to gain and maintain wealth. Born to a poor farming family in New York, Gould worked in an animal hide tannery until he had enough money to invest in railroads.

Gould employed a number of underhanded tactics that made him, by his own admission, the most hated man in America. He fraudulently manipulated stock prices, and then bribed New York state politicians to allow such maneuvers. He also cracked down hard on labor organizers and strikes, and was vilified for it in the media. Yet Gould continued to accumulate wealth, and by the time of his death, he was one of the wealthiest Americans in history, racking up a fortune worth over $84 billion today.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $94.8 billion

Jay Gould epitomized the “robber baron” era of American capitalism, often resorting to unscrupulous methods to gain and maintain wealth. Born to a poor farming family in New York, Gould worked in an animal hide tannery until he had enough money to invest in railroads.

Gould employed a number of underhanded tactics that made him, by his own admission, the most hated man in America. He fraudulently manipulated stock prices, and then bribed New York state politicians to allow such maneuvers. He also cracked down hard on labor organizers and strikes, and was vilified for it in the media. Yet Gould continued to accumulate wealth, and by the time of his death, he was one of the wealthiest Americans in history, racking up a fortune worth over $84 billion today.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $98.6 Billion

Steve Ballmer, owner of the Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA, made his fortune during his time at tech giant Microsoft — he had been at the company since 1980 and was one of the first employees to join. He became the company’s CEO in 2000 after Bill Gates stepped down and remained in the role until 2014.

In addition to Ballmer’s assumed 4% stake in Microsoft, he also had a similar stake in social media company Twitter. In May 2018, however, he told CNBC that he sold his stake in Twitter because it had reached a recent high and not because he did not believe in Twitter’s future.

In 2022, Ballmer and his wife Connie, who are major philanthropists, donated about $425 million to the University of Oregon to create an institute to address the behavioral and mental health needs of children in the state.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $98.6 Billion

Steve Ballmer, owner of the Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA, made his fortune during his time at tech giant Microsoft — he had been at the company since 1980 and was one of the first employees to join. He became the company’s CEO in 2000 after Bill Gates stepped down and remained in the role until 2014.

In addition to Ballmer’s assumed 4% stake in Microsoft, he also had a similar stake in social media company Twitter. In May 2018, however, he told CNBC that he sold his stake in Twitter because it had reached a recent high and not because he did not believe in Twitter’s future.

In 2022, Ballmer and his wife Connie, who are major philanthropists, donated about $425 million to the University of Oregon to create an institute to address the behavioral and mental health needs of children in the state.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $98.6 Billion

Steve Ballmer, owner of the Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA, made his fortune during his time at tech giant Microsoft — he had been at the company since 1980 and was one of the first employees to join. He became the company’s CEO in 2000 after Bill Gates stepped down and remained in the role until 2014.

In addition to Ballmer’s assumed 4% stake in Microsoft, he also had a similar stake in social media company Twitter. In May 2018, however, he told CNBC that he sold his stake in Twitter because it had reached a recent high and not because he did not believe in Twitter’s future.

In 2022, Ballmer and his wife Connie, who are major philanthropists, donated about $425 million to the University of Oregon to create an institute to address the behavioral and mental health needs of children in the state.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $99.9 Billion

Born in Moscow in 1973, Sergey Brin and his family immigrated to the States to escape the Soviet era discrimination against Jewish people. While attending Stanford University to get his doctorate in computer science, he and fellow student Larry Page created a search engine that would find the most relevant results. This project would be the starting point for Google — now the world’s most popular search engine.

Brin became a billionaire in 2004, when Google went public. The company grew, buying YouTube and expanding its own offerings, and was eventually reorganized under parent company Alphabet in 2015, with Brin serving as president until stepping down in 2019.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $99.9 Billion

Born in Moscow in 1973, Sergey Brin and his family immigrated to the States to escape the Soviet era discrimination against Jewish people. While attending Stanford University to get his doctorate in computer science, he and fellow student Larry Page created a search engine that would find the most relevant results. This project would be the starting point for Google — now the world’s most popular search engine.

Brin became a billionaire in 2004, when Google went public. The company grew, buying YouTube and expanding its own offerings, and was eventually reorganized under parent company Alphabet in 2015, with Brin serving as president until stepping down in 2019.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $99.9 Billion

Born in Moscow in 1973, Sergey Brin and his family immigrated to the States to escape the Soviet era discrimination against Jewish people. While attending Stanford University to get his doctorate in computer science, he and fellow student Larry Page created a search engine that would find the most relevant results. This project would be the starting point for Google — now the world’s most popular search engine.

Brin became a billionaire in 2004, when Google went public. The company grew, buying YouTube and expanding its own offerings, and was eventually reorganized under parent company Alphabet in 2015, with Brin serving as president until stepping down in 2019.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $105.1 Billion

Google co-founder Larry Page is one of the 10 wealthiest people in the world and one of the richest Americans of all time.

Page had two stints as Google CEO — running the company from its inception in 1998 through 2001, then serving as CEO from 2011 to 2015. He then ran Google’s newly created parent company Alphabet until 2019, when Sundar Pichai took over as CEO. Page still has a board seat at the company and is a controlling shareholder.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $105.1 Billion

Google co-founder Larry Page is one of the 10 wealthiest people in the world and one of the richest Americans of all time.

Page had two stints as Google CEO — running the company from its inception in 1998 through 2001, then serving as CEO from 2011 to 2015. He then ran Google’s newly created parent company Alphabet until 2019, when Sundar Pichai took over as CEO. Page still has a board seat at the company and is a controlling shareholder.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $105.1 Billion

Google co-founder Larry Page is one of the 10 wealthiest people in the world and one of the richest Americans of all time.

Page had two stints as Google CEO — running the company from its inception in 1998 through 2001, then serving as CEO from 2011 to 2015. He then ran Google’s newly created parent company Alphabet until 2019, when Sundar Pichai took over as CEO. Page still has a board seat at the company and is a controlling shareholder.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $110.4 billion

Friedrich Weyerhaeuser emigrated from Germany with his family as a young man and quickly found success in the timber industry. Weyerhaeuser and his brother in law bought a failed lumber mill in 1860. His idea of marking the logs his workers cut down to make it easier for his other workers downriver to identify them, and his business took off.

Weyerhaeuser worked his way up to become president of the Mississippi River Logging Company and eventually formed a group known as the Weyerhaeuser Syndicate, which controlled millions of acres of timberland as well as mills and processing plants. Towards the end of his life, investigators determined that some of his holdings amounted to a monopoly, and some of the syndicate’s subsidiaries were dissolved.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $110.4 billion

Friedrich Weyerhaeuser emigrated from Germany with his family as a young man and quickly found success in the timber industry. Weyerhaeuser and his brother in law bought a failed lumber mill in 1860. His idea of marking the logs his workers cut down to make it easier for his other workers downriver to identify them, and his business took off.

Weyerhaeuser worked his way up to become president of the Mississippi River Logging Company and eventually formed a group known as the Weyerhaeuser Syndicate, which controlled millions of acres of timberland as well as mills and processing plants. Towards the end of his life, investigators determined that some of his holdings amounted to a monopoly, and some of the syndicate’s subsidiaries were dissolved.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $110.4 billion

Friedrich Weyerhaeuser emigrated from Germany with his family as a young man and quickly found success in the timber industry. Weyerhaeuser and his brother in law bought a failed lumber mill in 1860. His idea of marking the logs his workers cut down to make it easier for his other workers downriver to identify them, and his business took off.

Weyerhaeuser worked his way up to become president of the Mississippi River Logging Company and eventually formed a group known as the Weyerhaeuser Syndicate, which controlled millions of acres of timberland as well as mills and processing plants. Towards the end of his life, investigators determined that some of his holdings amounted to a monopoly, and some of the syndicate’s subsidiaries were dissolved.

<img loading="" class="lazyload size-article_feature" data-sizes="auto" alt="

> 2023 estimated net worth: $113.9 Billion

Bill Gates has held the title of world’s richest person several times since the 1990s, and his fortune of nearly $114 billion in 2023 makes him one of the wealthiest Americans in history.

Gates dropped out of Harvard University to co-found computer giant Microsoft in 1975. By 1987, Microsoft made Gates the world’s youngest billionaire, at 31, and he became the world’s richest man just eight years later. In recent years, Gates has increasingly stepped back from running Microsoft and focused on philanthropy. He and his ex-wife run the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the world’s largest private charity, that they established in 2000. The organization pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to fight COVID-19, investing in vaccines, detection, and treatment.

The couple divorced in August 2021 after 27 years of marriage. They are the parents of three children.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $113.9 Billion

Bill Gates has held the title of world’s richest person several times since the 1990s, and his fortune of nearly $114 billion in 2023 makes him one of the wealthiest Americans in history.

Gates dropped out of Harvard University to co-found computer giant Microsoft in 1975. By 1987, Microsoft made Gates the world’s youngest billionaire, at 31, and he became the world’s richest man just eight years later. In recent years, Gates has increasingly stepped back from running Microsoft and focused on philanthropy. He and his ex-wife run the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the world’s largest private charity, that they established in 2000. The organization pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to fight COVID-19, investing in vaccines, detection, and treatment.

The couple divorced in August 2021 after 27 years of marriage. They are the parents of three children.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $113.9 Billion

Bill Gates has held the title of world’s richest person several times since the 1990s, and his fortune of nearly $114 billion in 2023 makes him one of the wealthiest Americans in history.

Gates dropped out of Harvard University to co-found computer giant Microsoft in 1975. By 1987, Microsoft made Gates the world’s youngest billionaire, at 31, and he became the world’s richest man just eight years later. In recent years, Gates has increasingly stepped back from running Microsoft and focused on philanthropy. He and his ex-wife run the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the world’s largest private charity, that they established in 2000. The organization pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to fight COVID-19, investing in vaccines, detection, and treatment.

The couple divorced in August 2021 after 27 years of marriage. They are the parents of three children.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $114.5 Billion

Known as the “Oracle of Omaha,” Warren Buffett is a modern-day investing legend. He created his company, Buffett Partnership, in 1956 and quickly became a millionaire. He then purchased a textile company called Berkshire Hathaway but ended its textile division and began buying into varied companies like Geico and Exxon — either buying them fully or investing in the businesses. Berkshire Hathaway shares are now among the most coveted stocks on the market.

Buffett is also known for his generous donations to charity. He has given away more than $28 billion and pledged to give all of his fortune to philanthropic causes and helped to convince other wealthy people to do the same.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $114.5 Billion

Known as the “Oracle of Omaha,” Warren Buffett is a modern-day investing legend. He created his company, Buffett Partnership, in 1956 and quickly became a millionaire. He then purchased a textile company called Berkshire Hathaway but ended its textile division and began buying into varied companies like Geico and Exxon — either buying them fully or investing in the businesses. Berkshire Hathaway shares are now among the most coveted stocks on the market.

Buffett is also known for his generous donations to charity. He has given away more than $28 billion and pledged to give all of his fortune to philanthropic causes and helped to convince other wealthy people to do the same.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $114.5 Billion

Known as the “Oracle of Omaha,” Warren Buffett is a modern-day investing legend. He created his company, Buffett Partnership, in 1956 and quickly became a millionaire. He then purchased a textile company called Berkshire Hathaway but ended its textile division and began buying into varied companies like Geico and Exxon — either buying them fully or investing in the businesses. Berkshire Hathaway shares are now among the most coveted stocks on the market.

Buffett is also known for his generous donations to charity. He has given away more than $28 billion and pledged to give all of his fortune to philanthropic causes and helped to convince other wealthy people to do the same.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $121.1 billion

Alexander Turney Stewart is one the very rare Americans who amassed a fortune worth over $100 billion in current dollars. He did so by slowly transforming his $3,000 inheritance into one of the largest retail empires in U.S. history.

Born in Ireland, Stewart traveled to America to sell dry goods. He became one of the first retailers to offer standard prices instead of haggling with customers. Stewart’s company became so large, it won a contract to supply uniforms for Union soldiers during the Civil War.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $121.1 billion

Alexander Turney Stewart is one the very rare Americans who amassed a fortune worth over $100 billion in current dollars. He did so by slowly transforming his $3,000 inheritance into one of the largest retail empires in U.S. history.

Born in Ireland, Stewart traveled to America to sell dry goods. He became one of the first retailers to offer standard prices instead of haggling with customers. Stewart’s company became so large, it won a contract to supply uniforms for Union soldiers during the Civil War.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $121.1 billion

Alexander Turney Stewart is one the very rare Americans who amassed a fortune worth over $100 billion in current dollars. He did so by slowly transforming his $3,000 inheritance into one of the largest retail empires in U.S. history.

Born in Ireland, Stewart traveled to America to sell dry goods. He became one of the first retailers to offer standard prices instead of haggling with customers. Stewart’s company became so large, it won a contract to supply uniforms for Union soldiers during the Civil War.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $122.3 billion — tied

At a time when considerable portions of America’s new transportation infrastructure were being built, Andrew Carnegie’s company supplied the needed steel. Carnegie Steel Corporation used technologically advanced methods to make prodigious amounts of steel and owned the requisite raw materials to make production cheaper.

Unlike many of the richest men of his era, Carnegie was committed to philanthropy. He once wrote that a “man who dies rich dies disgraced,” and he donated virtually all of his money to various organizations and libraries.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $122.3 billion — tied

At a time when considerable portions of America’s new transportation infrastructure were being built, Andrew Carnegie’s company supplied the needed steel. Carnegie Steel Corporation used technologically advanced methods to make prodigious amounts of steel and owned the requisite raw materials to make production cheaper.

Unlike many of the richest men of his era, Carnegie was committed to philanthropy. He once wrote that a “man who dies rich dies disgraced,” and he donated virtually all of his money to various organizations and libraries.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $122.3 billion — tied

At a time when considerable portions of America’s new transportation infrastructure were being built, Andrew Carnegie’s company supplied the needed steel. Carnegie Steel Corporation used technologically advanced methods to make prodigious amounts of steel and owned the requisite raw materials to make production cheaper.

Unlike many of the richest men of his era, Carnegie was committed to philanthropy. He once wrote that a “man who dies rich dies disgraced,” and he donated virtually all of his money to various organizations and libraries.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $122.3 billion — tied

Stephen Van Rensselaer inherited virtually all of his fortune, worth $122 billion dollars in 2023. Born in 1764, he was the final member of his bloodline to get a large land grant in the new Dutch colonial area of the New World, in present day New York state. At one point, Van Rensselaer owned over a million acres of land in America and may have had as many as 100,000 tenants renting land from him.

Apart from owning land, Van Rensselaer was involved in politics, serving as an assemblyman, senator, and lieutenant governor for New York, as well as a representative in Congress. Van Rensselaer was well liked, often forgiving missed rent payments. After his death, however, many tenants refused to pay rent to his heirs, sparking what came to be known as the “Antirent Wars.”

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $122.3 billion — tied

Stephen Van Rensselaer inherited virtually all of his fortune, worth $122 billion dollars in 2023. Born in 1764, he was the final member of his bloodline to get a large land grant in the new Dutch colonial area of the New World, in present day New York state. At one point, Van Rensselaer owned over a million acres of land in America and may have had as many as 100,000 tenants renting land from him.

Apart from owning land, Van Rensselaer was involved in politics, serving as an assemblyman, senator, and lieutenant governor for New York, as well as a representative in Congress. Van Rensselaer was well liked, often forgiving missed rent payments. After his death, however, many tenants refused to pay rent to his heirs, sparking what came to be known as the “Antirent Wars.”

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $122.3 billion — tied

Stephen Van Rensselaer inherited virtually all of his fortune, worth $122 billion dollars in 2023. Born in 1764, he was the final member of his bloodline to get a large land grant in the new Dutch colonial area of the New World, in present day New York state. At one point, Van Rensselaer owned over a million acres of land in America and may have had as many as 100,000 tenants renting land from him.

Apart from owning land, Van Rensselaer was involved in politics, serving as an assemblyman, senator, and lieutenant governor for New York, as well as a representative in Congress. Van Rensselaer was well liked, often forgiving missed rent payments. After his death, however, many tenants refused to pay rent to his heirs, sparking what came to be known as the “Antirent Wars.”

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $124.7 billion

Richard Mellon ranks as one of the 10 richest Americans of all time, with his massive fortune amounting to the equivalent of nearly $125 billion in 2023 dollars. Richard and his brother Andrew, who also ranks as one of the richest Americans of all time, were born to wealthy Pennsylvania banker Thomas Mellon. They eventually took charge of the family banking firm.

Being wealthy in late 1800s Pennsylvania provided the Mellons with the perfect opportunity to invest in the steel, coal, and railroad industries that made so many other men of their era extremely wealthy as the U.S. rapidly industrialized and stretched its population out west.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $124.7 billion

Richard Mellon ranks as one of the 10 richest Americans of all time, with his massive fortune amounting to the equivalent of nearly $125 billion in 2023 dollars. Richard and his brother Andrew, who also ranks as one of the richest Americans of all time, were born to wealthy Pennsylvania banker Thomas Mellon. They eventually took charge of the family banking firm.

Being wealthy in late 1800s Pennsylvania provided the Mellons with the perfect opportunity to invest in the steel, coal, and railroad industries that made so many other men of their era extremely wealthy as the U.S. rapidly industrialized and stretched its population out west.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $124.7 billion

Richard Mellon ranks as one of the 10 richest Americans of all time, with his massive fortune amounting to the equivalent of nearly $125 billion in 2023 dollars. Richard and his brother Andrew, who also ranks as one of the richest Americans of all time, were born to wealthy Pennsylvania banker Thomas Mellon. They eventually took charge of the family banking firm.

Being wealthy in late 1800s Pennsylvania provided the Mellons with the perfect opportunity to invest in the steel, coal, and railroad industries that made so many other men of their era extremely wealthy as the U.S. rapidly industrialized and stretched its population out west.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $125.9 Billion

Larry Ellison founded software company Oracle in 1977. The company got its big break in 1981, when IBM opted to use Oracle’s database management system. Though he stepped down as Oracle’s CEO in 2014, Ellison still owns more than a third of the company’s stock. He sat on the board of Tesla from December 2018 to August 2022 and still owns about 15 million of the electric carmaker’s shares.

Like many other living billionaires on this list, Ellison’s net worth has grown significantly in recent years — from $65 billion in October 2019 to $125.9 billion as of April 2023.

In 2020, Ellison moved to the Hawaiian island Lanai, nearly all of which he bought eight years earlier for $300 million.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $125.9 Billion

Larry Ellison founded software company Oracle in 1977. The company got its big break in 1981, when IBM opted to use Oracle’s database management system. Though he stepped down as Oracle’s CEO in 2014, Ellison still owns more than a third of the company’s stock. He sat on the board of Tesla from December 2018 to August 2022 and still owns about 15 million of the electric carmaker’s shares.

Like many other living billionaires on this list, Ellison’s net worth has grown significantly in recent years — from $65 billion in October 2019 to $125.9 billion as of April 2023.

In 2020, Ellison moved to the Hawaiian island Lanai, nearly all of which he bought eight years earlier for $300 million.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $125.9 Billion

Larry Ellison founded software company Oracle in 1977. The company got its big break in 1981, when IBM opted to use Oracle’s database management system. Though he stepped down as Oracle’s CEO in 2014, Ellison still owns more than a third of the company’s stock. He sat on the board of Tesla from December 2018 to August 2022 and still owns about 15 million of the electric carmaker’s shares.

Like many other living billionaires on this list, Ellison’s net worth has grown significantly in recent years — from $65 billion in October 2019 to $125.9 billion as of April 2023.

In 2020, Ellison moved to the Hawaiian island Lanai, nearly all of which he bought eight years earlier for $300 million.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $138.2 Billion

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos ranks as the third richest person in the world and the seventh richest American of all time, with a net worth of $138.2 billion as of April 2023. The company, which started as an online book seller in 1994, has become the dominant force in e-commerce. Amazon has also diversified successfully into a web service provider and a streaming entertainment service. Bezos stepped down as CEO to become executive chairman in 2021.

He and his wife MacKenzie divorced in 2019 after 25 years of marriage. Under terms of the separation, he gave one-fourth of his then-16% Amazon stake to her. At the time of the divorce settlement, that was worth $38 billion. He retains a 10% stake in the company.

In 2022, Bezos donated more than $400 million-worth of stock to nonprofits. That same year, he told CNN that he planned to give away the majority of his wealth in his lifetime but did not provide details.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $138.2 Billion

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos ranks as the third richest person in the world and the seventh richest American of all time, with a net worth of $138.2 billion as of April 2023. The company, which started as an online book seller in 1994, has become the dominant force in e-commerce. Amazon has also diversified successfully into a web service provider and a streaming entertainment service. Bezos stepped down as CEO to become executive chairman in 2021.

He and his wife MacKenzie divorced in 2019 after 25 years of marriage. Under terms of the separation, he gave one-fourth of his then-16% Amazon stake to her. At the time of the divorce settlement, that was worth $38 billion. He retains a 10% stake in the company.

In 2022, Bezos donated more than $400 million-worth of stock to nonprofits. That same year, he told CNN that he planned to give away the majority of his wealth in his lifetime but did not provide details.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $138.2 Billion

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos ranks as the third richest person in the world and the seventh richest American of all time, with a net worth of $138.2 billion as of April 2023. The company, which started as an online book seller in 1994, has become the dominant force in e-commerce. Amazon has also diversified successfully into a web service provider and a streaming entertainment service. Bezos stepped down as CEO to become executive chairman in 2021.

He and his wife MacKenzie divorced in 2019 after 25 years of marriage. Under terms of the separation, he gave one-fourth of his then-16% Amazon stake to her. At the time of the divorce settlement, that was worth $38 billion. He retains a 10% stake in the company.

In 2022, Bezos donated more than $400 million-worth of stock to nonprofits. That same year, he told CNN that he planned to give away the majority of his wealth in his lifetime but did not provide details.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $145.3 billion

Though he was born before the founding of the United States, Stephen Girard became one of its most important early business tycoons. Born in France in 1750, Girard sailed to the colonies in 1774, selling goods like sugar and coffee. He amassed a fleet of trading ships and invested much of his money in the First Bank of the United States.

In 1778, Girard became an American citizen. He eventually bought the bank’s assets and used them to lend millions of dollars to the young country during the War of 1812, keeping its government afloat.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $145.3 billion

Though he was born before the founding of the United States, Stephen Girard became one of its most important early business tycoons. Born in France in 1750, Girard sailed to the colonies in 1774, selling goods like sugar and coffee. He amassed a fleet of trading ships and invested much of his money in the First Bank of the United States.

In 1778, Girard became an American citizen. He eventually bought the bank’s assets and used them to lend millions of dollars to the young country during the War of 1812, keeping its government afloat.

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/JZVEF2MNADASWZYPOV4K2BWYUY.jpg”>

> 2023 estimated net worth: $145.3 billion

Though he was born before the founding of the United States, Stephen Girard became one of its most important early business tycoons. Born in France in 1750, Girard sailed to the colonies in 1774, selling goods like sugar and coffee. He amassed a fleet of trading ships and invested much of his money in the First Bank of the United States.

In 1778, Girard became an American citizen. He eventually bought the bank’s assets and used them to lend millions of dollars to the young country during the War of 1812, keeping its government afloat.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $167.1 billion

John Jacob Astor became one of the first people to live out the American Dream, working his way up from being a poor German immigrant to real estate mogul whose net worth amounted to more than $160 billion in 2023 dollars.

Astor married into a wealthy family in 1785 and used his wife’s money to launch his empire. A year after marrying, he began his business, which became the nation’s largest fur company by 1800. Astor exported furs to China, and imported silk and tea. In the 1830s, he sold his fur businesses and focused on real estate holdings in New York City, like hotels and residences. These high-price properties made him the richest man in America by the time of his death in 1848.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $167.1 billion

John Jacob Astor became one of the first people to live out the American Dream, working his way up from being a poor German immigrant to real estate mogul whose net worth amounted to more than $160 billion in 2023 dollars.

Astor married into a wealthy family in 1785 and used his wife’s money to launch his empire. A year after marrying, he began his business, which became the nation’s largest fur company by 1800. Astor exported furs to China, and imported silk and tea. In the 1830s, he sold his fur businesses and focused on real estate holdings in New York City, like hotels and residences. These high-price properties made him the richest man in America by the time of his death in 1848.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $167.1 billion

John Jacob Astor became one of the first people to live out the American Dream, working his way up from being a poor German immigrant to real estate mogul whose net worth amounted to more than $160 billion in 2023 dollars.

Astor married into a wealthy family in 1785 and used his wife’s money to launch his empire. A year after marrying, he began his business, which became the nation’s largest fur company by 1800. Astor exported furs to China, and imported silk and tea. In the 1830s, he sold his fur businesses and focused on real estate holdings in New York City, like hotels and residences. These high-price properties made him the richest man in America by the time of his death in 1848.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $192.4 Billion

Elon Musk, the wealthiest living American, was born in South Africa, before moving to Canada at 17, then to the U.S. to study at the University of Pennsylvania, eventually becoming a U.S. citizen in 2002. Musk first became a millionaire by selling the online city guide company he co-founded with his brother, Zip2, in 1999. He became a billionaire in 2002, when eBay acquired another one of the companies he co-founded, PayPal.

The bulk of Musk’s net worth stems from his more recent ventures, notably his electric carmaker Tesla Motors and rocket company SpaceX. He owns about 13% of Tesla, according to Bloomberg, and more in exercisable options, though he pledged more than half as loan collaterals. Musk also owns a significant portion of SpaceX, which was valued as of January 2023 at about $137 billion, at about 42%, though this value has been recently reduced.

Musk purchased the social media platform Twitter in October 2022 for $44 billion. Since he bought Twitter, Musk has cut its workforce to about 1,500 from 8,000, trimmed costs, offered new features, and altered content-moderation policies. Bloomberg estimates him to own about 79% of the company’s stock.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $192.4 Billion

Elon Musk, the wealthiest living American, was born in South Africa, before moving to Canada at 17, then to the U.S. to study at the University of Pennsylvania, eventually becoming a U.S. citizen in 2002. Musk first became a millionaire by selling the online city guide company he co-founded with his brother, Zip2, in 1999. He became a billionaire in 2002, when eBay acquired another one of the companies he co-founded, PayPal.

The bulk of Musk’s net worth stems from his more recent ventures, notably his electric carmaker Tesla Motors and rocket company SpaceX. He owns about 13% of Tesla, according to Bloomberg, and more in exercisable options, though he pledged more than half as loan collaterals. Musk also owns a significant portion of SpaceX, which was valued as of January 2023 at about $137 billion, at about 42%, though this value has been recently reduced.

Musk purchased the social media platform Twitter in October 2022 for $44 billion. Since he bought Twitter, Musk has cut its workforce to about 1,500 from 8,000, trimmed costs, offered new features, and altered content-moderation policies. Bloomberg estimates him to own about 79% of the company’s stock.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $192.4 Billion

Elon Musk, the wealthiest living American, was born in South Africa, before moving to Canada at 17, then to the U.S. to study at the University of Pennsylvania, eventually becoming a U.S. citizen in 2002. Musk first became a millionaire by selling the online city guide company he co-founded with his brother, Zip2, in 1999. He became a billionaire in 2002, when eBay acquired another one of the companies he co-founded, PayPal.

The bulk of Musk’s net worth stems from his more recent ventures, notably his electric carmaker Tesla Motors and rocket company SpaceX. He owns about 13% of Tesla, according to Bloomberg, and more in exercisable options, though he pledged more than half as loan collaterals. Musk also owns a significant portion of SpaceX, which was valued as of January 2023 at about $137 billion, at about 42%, though this value has been recently reduced.

Musk purchased the social media platform Twitter in October 2022 for $44 billion. Since he bought Twitter, Musk has cut its workforce to about 1,500 from 8,000, trimmed costs, offered new features, and altered content-moderation policies. Bloomberg estimates him to own about 79% of the company’s stock.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $204.3 billion

Sam Walton is one of the most successful businessmen of all time, taking Walmart from a small discount store in Arkansas into the largest retailer in the world. Walton opened the first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas, in 1962. By 1970, the company went public. As the store’s footprint grew, so did Walton’s wealth, and by 1985, he was the richest man in America.

Sam Walton’s heirs have held onto about half of Walmart’s stock, netting them a combined net worth exceeding $200 billion and making the Waltons the richest family in America.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $204.3 billion

Sam Walton is one of the most successful businessmen of all time, taking Walmart from a small discount store in Arkansas into the largest retailer in the world. Walton opened the first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas, in 1962. By 1970, the company went public. As the store’s footprint grew, so did Walton’s wealth, and by 1985, he was the richest man in America.

Sam Walton’s heirs have held onto about half of Walmart’s stock, netting them a combined net worth exceeding $200 billion and making the Waltons the richest family in America.

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/C3EXHRTBGH65YOYH6Z5YEGIMFA.jpg”>

> 2023 estimated net worth: $204.3 billion

Sam Walton is one of the most successful businessmen of all time, taking Walmart from a small discount store in Arkansas into the largest retailer in the world. Walton opened the first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas, in 1962. By 1970, the company went public. As the store’s footprint grew, so did Walton’s wealth, and by 1985, he was the richest man in America.

Sam Walton’s heirs have held onto about half of Walmart’s stock, netting them a combined net worth exceeding $200 billion and making the Waltons the richest family in America.

<img loading="" class="lazyload size-article_feature" data-sizes="auto" alt="

> 2023 estimated net worth: $248.2 billion

Cornelius Vanderbilt is one of just two Americans who amassed a fortune that added up to over $200 billion in 2021 dollars. He first made his fortune ferrying goods on the rivers surrounding New York City, working his way up from steamship captain to building ships and operating ferry routes. He developed a reputation as a ruthless businessman, undercutting and intimidating competitors.

Vanderbilt became extravagantly wealthy by launching the fastest steamship route from New York to California during the middle of the 19th century, capitalizing on the many people heading west to search for gold. He later helped establish the transcontinental railroad industry, which helped to make him one of the wealthiest people in history.

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $248.2 billion

Cornelius Vanderbilt is one of just two Americans who amassed a fortune that added up to over $200 billion in 2021 dollars. He first made his fortune ferrying goods on the rivers surrounding New York City, working his way up from steamship captain to building ships and operating ferry routes. He developed a reputation as a ruthless businessman, undercutting and intimidating competitors.

Vanderbilt became extravagantly wealthy by launching the fastest steamship route from New York to California during the middle of the 19th century, capitalizing on the many people heading west to search for gold. He later helped establish the transcontinental railroad industry, which helped to make him one of the wealthiest people in history.

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/UDIF5LELBML2GAFFXU2Y64F64A.jpg”>

> 2023 estimated net worth: $248.2 billion

Cornelius Vanderbilt is one of just two Americans who amassed a fortune that added up to over $200 billion in 2021 dollars. He first made his fortune ferrying goods on the rivers surrounding New York City, working his way up from steamship captain to building ships and operating ferry routes. He developed a reputation as a ruthless businessman, undercutting and intimidating competitors.

Vanderbilt became extravagantly wealthy by launching the fastest steamship route from New York to California during the middle of the 19th century, capitalizing on the many people heading west to search for gold. He later helped establish the transcontinental railroad industry, which helped to make him one of the wealthiest people in history.

<img loading="" class="lazyload size-article_feature" data-sizes="auto" alt="

> 2023 estimated net worth: $306.4 billion

John D. Rockefeller was the first American billionaire, and to this day, he remains by far the wealthiest American of all time. Rockefeller began his business career as a merchant, dealing in goods like meats and grains. Though his business was successful, he soon turned his attention to the oil industry, sensing an opportunity for greater wealth. In 1870, he and his business partners founded one of the most successful companies in American history, Standard Oil.

Rockefeller pioneered concepts like vertical integration. By controlling many facets of the supply chain of his oil business, he could keep costs low and margins high. He also figured out a way to standardize the quality of oil, which had been poor up to that point. A decade after its founding, Standard Oil controlled over 90% of all oil production in America. The Supreme Court eventually broke up Standard Oil in 1911, citing antitrust laws, but by then Rockefeller had become America’s first billionaire and amassed a fortune worth $306.4 billion in 2023 dollars.

ALSO READ: These 19 Executives Pay Themselves More Than $150 Million a Year

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $306.4 billion

John D. Rockefeller was the first American billionaire, and to this day, he remains by far the wealthiest American of all time. Rockefeller began his business career as a merchant, dealing in goods like meats and grains. Though his business was successful, he soon turned his attention to the oil industry, sensing an opportunity for greater wealth. In 1870, he and his business partners founded one of the most successful companies in American history, Standard Oil.

Rockefeller pioneered concepts like vertical integration. By controlling many facets of the supply chain of his oil business, he could keep costs low and margins high. He also figured out a way to standardize the quality of oil, which had been poor up to that point. A decade after its founding, Standard Oil controlled over 90% of all oil production in America. The Supreme Court eventually broke up Standard Oil in 1911, citing antitrust laws, but by then Rockefeller had become America’s first billionaire and amassed a fortune worth $306.4 billion in 2023 dollars.

ALSO READ: These 19 Executives Pay Themselves More Than $150 Million a Year

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> 2023 estimated net worth: $306.4 billion

John D. Rockefeller was the first American billionaire, and to this day, he remains by far the wealthiest American of all time. Rockefeller began his business career as a merchant, dealing in goods like meats and grains. Though his business was successful, he soon turned his attention to the oil industry, sensing an opportunity for greater wealth. In 1870, he and his business partners founded one of the most successful companies in American history, Standard Oil.

Rockefeller pioneered concepts like vertical integration. By controlling many facets of the supply chain of his oil business, he could keep costs low and margins high. He also figured out a way to standardize the quality of oil, which had been poor up to that point. A decade after its founding, Standard Oil controlled over 90% of all oil production in America. The Supreme Court eventually broke up Standard Oil in 1911, citing antitrust laws, but by then Rockefeller had become America’s first billionaire and amassed a fortune worth $306.4 billion in 2023 dollars.

ALSO READ: These 19 Executives Pay Themselves More Than $150 Million a Year

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9186590 2023-05-31T08:54:00+00:00 2023-12-11T16:44:25+00:00
The most congested cities in the world https://www.baltimoresun.com/2023/02/02/the-most-congested-cities-in-the-world/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2023/02/02/the-most-congested-cities-in-the-world/#respond Thu, 02 Feb 2023 13:07:00 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=133577&preview_id=133577 Change in hours lost from 2021: 66% > Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: 108% > Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 19 MPH > Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -4 MPH ” title=” > Hours […]]]>


<p>To determine the cities with the worst traffic congestion, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the <a href=2022 Global Traffic Scorecard published by global transportation analytics company INRIX. We ranked the cities on INRIX’s scorecard according to the most hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver in 2022. Data on the last mile average speed, which is how fast a driver is traveling on average during the last mile on any given trip within a particular city, is also for the INRIX scorecard.

All 10 cities on our list had at least 105 lost hours per driver in 2022 as the result of traffic congestion, the equivalent of more than four full days stuck behind the wheel. Out of the 10 cities on the list, only Paris reported a decrease from 2021. (These are America’s worst cities to drive in.)

Of the 10 cities reporting a traffic surge from 2021, four are in the U.S. – Boston, where hours lost in traffic increased by 72%; Miami, with a 59% increase to time lost in traffic; Chicago with a 49% increase; and New York, where drivers spent 15% more time in traffic. Mexico’s Monterrey, Miami, Canada’s Toronto, and Boston made the largest leaps in the ranking from 2021 to 2022. None had been in the top 10 in 2021. (This is the city with the longest commute in every state.)

Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, six cities reported a decline in lost hours. Bogota, Colombia, reported the biggest decrease at 36%. Monterrey went in the other direction, with a spike of 108% compared to pre-pandemic traffic. It was joined by Miami, whose 30% increase in time lost to traffic compared to pre-pandemic levels has come as the Florida city’s population surges.

London, the most congested city for the second straight year, has been trying to alleviate the traffic crush by implementing congestion pricing. Those driving in central London between 7 a.m. and 6 p.m., and from noon to 6 p.m. on the weekend, must prepay a daily Congestion Charge of GBP15 ($18.57).

” title=”

To determine the cities with the worst traffic congestion, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 2022 Global Traffic Scorecard published by global transportation analytics company INRIX. We ranked the cities on INRIX’s scorecard according to the most hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver in 2022. Data on the last mile average speed, which is how fast a driver is traveling on average during the last mile on any given trip within a particular city, is also for the INRIX scorecard.

All 10 cities on our list had at least 105 lost hours per driver in 2022 as the result of traffic congestion, the equivalent of more than four full days stuck behind the wheel. Out of the 10 cities on the list, only Paris reported a decrease from 2021. (These are America’s worst cities to drive in.)

Of the 10 cities reporting a traffic surge from 2021, four are in the U.S. – Boston, where hours lost in traffic increased by 72%; Miami, with a 59% increase to time lost in traffic; Chicago with a 49% increase; and New York, where drivers spent 15% more time in traffic. Mexico’s Monterrey, Miami, Canada’s Toronto, and Boston made the largest leaps in the ranking from 2021 to 2022. None had been in the top 10 in 2021. (This is the city with the longest commute in every state.)

Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, six cities reported a decline in lost hours. Bogota, Colombia, reported the biggest decrease at 36%. Monterrey went in the other direction, with a spike of 108% compared to pre-pandemic traffic. It was joined by Miami, whose 30% increase in time lost to traffic compared to pre-pandemic levels has come as the Florida city’s population surges.

London, the most congested city for the second straight year, has been trying to alleviate the traffic crush by implementing congestion pricing. Those driving in central London between 7 a.m. and 6 p.m., and from noon to 6 p.m. on the weekend, must prepay a daily Congestion Charge of GBP15 ($18.57).

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/Z2AHBG6DW5FJCORGKCFMYRFGWY.jpg”>

To determine the cities with the worst traffic congestion, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 2022 Global Traffic Scorecard published by global transportation analytics company INRIX. We ranked the cities on INRIX’s scorecard according to the most hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver in 2022. Data on the last mile average speed, which is how fast a driver is traveling on average during the last mile on any given trip within a particular city, is also for the INRIX scorecard.

All 10 cities on our list had at least 105 lost hours per driver in 2022 as the result of traffic congestion, the equivalent of more than four full days stuck behind the wheel. Out of the 10 cities on the list, only Paris reported a decrease from 2021. (These are America’s worst cities to drive in.)

Of the 10 cities reporting a traffic surge from 2021, four are in the U.S. – Boston, where hours lost in traffic increased by 72%; Miami, with a 59% increase to time lost in traffic; Chicago with a 49% increase; and New York, where drivers spent 15% more time in traffic. Mexico’s Monterrey, Miami, Canada’s Toronto, and Boston made the largest leaps in the ranking from 2021 to 2022. None had been in the top 10 in 2021. (This is the city with the longest commute in every state.)

Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, six cities reported a decline in lost hours. Bogota, Colombia, reported the biggest decrease at 36%. Monterrey went in the other direction, with a spike of 108% compared to pre-pandemic traffic. It was joined by Miami, whose 30% increase in time lost to traffic compared to pre-pandemic levels has come as the Florida city’s population surges.

London, the most congested city for the second straight year, has been trying to alleviate the traffic crush by implementing congestion pricing. Those driving in central London between 7 a.m. and 6 p.m., and from noon to 6 p.m. on the weekend, must prepay a daily Congestion Charge of GBP15 ($18.57).



<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 116<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 66%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 108%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 19 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” title=”</p>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 116<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 66%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 108%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 19 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/OH6TC23PDAQTMOI4A5AIE77RZY.jpg”></p></div><figcaption>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 116<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 66%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 108%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 19 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
</figcaption></figure>
<div data-vgid=


<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 121<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 11%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -12%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 9 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> 0 MPH</p>
<p><strong><a style=ALSO READ: The Most and Least Dangerous States To Drive

” title=”

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 121
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 11%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -12%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 9 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: 0 MPH

ALSO READ: The Most and Least Dangerous States To Drive

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/3MSML6UHKOMEVGGT7KKNSQ3YLM.jpg”>

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 121
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 11%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -12%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 9 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: 0 MPH

ALSO READ: The Most and Least Dangerous States To Drive



<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 105<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 59%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 30%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 15 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” title=”</p>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 105<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 59%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 30%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 15 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/ATKBQVZAPGIJAUVARWEAJXCZNI.jpg”></p></div><figcaption>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 105<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 59%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 30%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 15 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<div class=

<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 118<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 59%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -13%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 10 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p><strong><a style=ALSO READ: America’s Worst Cities To Drive In

” title=”

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 118
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 59%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -13%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 10 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -4 MPH

ALSO READ: America’s Worst Cities To Drive In

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/E46AVSK6R6ZROGJO3JGY3ZO4XE.jpg”>

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 118
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 59%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -13%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 10 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -4 MPH

ALSO READ: America’s Worst Cities To Drive In



<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 122<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 30%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -36%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -2 MPH</p>
<p>” title=”</p>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 122<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 30%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -36%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -2 MPH</p>
<p>” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/BLGI3UANXAFB6DZZUFOEQUA3S4.jpg”></p></div><figcaption>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 122<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 30%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -36%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -2 MPH</p>
</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<div class=

<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 117<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 15%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -16%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -2 MPH</p>
<p><strong><a style=ALSO READ: The Worst Car Accidents in America Since the 1990s

” title=”

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 117
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 15%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -16%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 11 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -2 MPH

ALSO READ: The Worst Car Accidents in America Since the 1990s

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/L6XZ6B2LXXEKI2R7OOOPNVK22M.jpg”>

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 117
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 15%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -16%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 11 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -2 MPH

ALSO READ: The Worst Car Accidents in America Since the 1990s



<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 134<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 72%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -10%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” title=”</p>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 134<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 72%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -10%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/3CUJFGXKZWO73D746WAQJQBVUY.jpg”></p></div><figcaption>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 134<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 72%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -10%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
</figcaption></figure>
<div data-vgid=


<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 138<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> -1%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> -16%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> 0 MPH</p>
<p><strong><a style=ALSO READ: The City With the Longest Commute in Every State

” title=”

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 138
> Change in hours lost from 2021: -1%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -16%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 11 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: 0 MPH

ALSO READ: The City With the Longest Commute in Every State

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/N5YJ2CJ7P4BT35FKKUODUD5S2A.jpg”>

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 138
> Change in hours lost from 2021: -1%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: -16%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 11 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: 0 MPH

ALSO READ: The City With the Longest Commute in Every State



<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 155<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 49%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 7%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” title=”</p>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 155<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 49%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 7%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
<p>” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/53EKP6PCN6NUROPGIM76I55IWU.jpg”></p></div><figcaption>
<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 155<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 49%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 7%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 11 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -4 MPH</p>
</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<div class=

<p><strong>> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022):</strong> 156<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from 2021:</strong> 5%<br />
<strong>> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid:</strong> 5%<br />
<strong>> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city:</strong> 10 MPH<br />
<strong>> Change in last mile average speed from 2021:</strong> -1 MPH</p>
<p><strong><a style=ALSO READ: A 2002 Pileup in LA Was the Worst Car Crash in US History

” title=”

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 156
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 5%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: 5%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 10 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -1 MPH

ALSO READ: A 2002 Pileup in LA Was the Worst Car Crash in US History

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2023/02/02/TVEZM6HUZSAZS7LD6EKOHNFTIU.jpg”>

> Hours lost due to traffic congestion per driver (2022): 156
> Change in hours lost from 2021: 5%
> Change in hours lost from pre-Covid: 5%
> Average speed of the last mile of each trip in city: 10 MPH
> Change in last mile average speed from 2021: -1 MPH

ALSO READ: A 2002 Pileup in LA Was the Worst Car Crash in US History

]]> https://www.baltimoresun.com/2023/02/02/the-most-congested-cities-in-the-world/feed/ 0 133577 2023-02-02T13:07:00+00:00 2023-02-02T22:10:02+00:00 Most popular Instagram attractions in the world https://www.baltimoresun.com/2022/02/14/most-popular-instagram-attractions-in-the-world/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2022/02/14/most-popular-instagram-attractions-in-the-world/#respond Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3585711&preview_id=3585711 The coronavirus pandemic pretty much shut down travel and tourism around the world beginning in March 2020. In 2021, however, as the widespread distribution of vaccines allowed more tourists to hit the road again, the industry began to recover. And while tourist levels have yet to return to pre-pandemic levels, and the omicron variant has again prompted travel advisories, there is more optimism in the travel industry.

So where did tourists go before travel shut down again at the end of 2021 — and what attractions did they see?

To determine the world’s most popular Instagram attractions, 24/7 Tempo reviewed global luggage storage network Stasher’s Ranking the World’s Best Tourist Attractions.

]]>
https://www.baltimoresun.com/2022/02/14/most-popular-instagram-attractions-in-the-world/feed/ 0 3585711 2022-02-14T12:00:00+00:00 2022-02-15T17:01:15+00:00
36 Black women who changed American history https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/30/36-black-women-who-changed-american-history/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/30/36-black-women-who-changed-american-history/#respond Thu, 30 Dec 2021 11:10:05 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3595713&preview_id=3595713
36 Black women who changed American history | The stories of all these women point to a uniquely American experience of perseverance and resilience in the face of overwhelming odds. (George Konig/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
36 Black women who changed American history | The stories of all these women point to a uniquely American experience of perseverance and resilience in the face of overwhelming odds. (George Konig/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Althea Gibson | Known as: Tennis player - Life: 1927-2003 | Althea Gibson overcame racial bias to become the first African-American tennis player to win a Grand Slam tournament — the French Championships in 1956. She went on to win four more singles Grand Slams and six doubles titles. Venus and Serena Williams, among many other women players, Black and otherwise, cite her as an inspiration. (Central Press/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Althea Gibson | Known as: Tennis player – Life: 1927-2003 | Althea Gibson overcame racial bias to become the first African-American tennis player to win a Grand Slam tournament — the French Championships in 1956. She went on to win four more singles Grand Slams and six doubles titles. Venus and Serena Williams, among many other women players, Black and otherwise, cite her as an inspiration. (Central Press/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Angela Davis | Known as: Professor, activist - Life: 1944-present | Angela Davis was a major activist in the late 1960s and early '70s. Profoundly affected by her childhood in the segregated city of Birmingham, Ala., she joined the Communist Party and became an affiliate of the Black Panthers as a young woman, and ran as the Communist vice-presidential candidate in 1980 and 1984. She was arrested, tried, and acquitted for her role in a Black Panther courtroom shootout. She went on to have a distinguished academic career at institutions including Pomona College, Rutgers, and Vassar, and has remained politically active. (Express/Archive Photos via Getty Images)
Angela Davis | Known as: Professor, activist – Life: 1944-present | Angela Davis was a major activist in the late 1960s and early ’70s. Profoundly affected by her childhood in the segregated city of Birmingham, Ala., she joined the Communist Party and became an affiliate of the Black Panthers as a young woman, and ran as the Communist vice-presidential candidate in 1980 and 1984. She was arrested, tried, and acquitted for her role in a Black Panther courtroom shootout. She went on to have a distinguished academic career at institutions including Pomona College, Rutgers, and Vassar, and has remained politically active. (Express/Archive Photos via Getty Images)
Patricia Harris | Known as: Ambassador, professor - Life: 1924-1985 | Patricia Harris was a trailblazer. She was the first Black woman to serve as an American ambassador when she represented the United States in Luxembourg from 1965 to 1967, and the first appointed to a Cabinet when she was named Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1977. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Patricia Harris | Known as: Ambassador, professor – Life: 1924-1985 | Patricia Harris was a trailblazer. She was the first Black woman to serve as an American ambassador when she represented the United States in Luxembourg from 1965 to 1967, and the first appointed to a Cabinet when she was named Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1977. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Billie Holiday | Known as: Musician - Life: 1915-1959 | Billie Holiday, born Eleanora Fagan, was one of the greatest jazz singers of the 20th century. Holiday started working with Artie Shaw and his orchestra in 1938, becoming one of the first female African-American vocalists to work with a white orchestra. Her singing reflected her tumultuous life, which was marred by bouts of substance abuse. Her autobiography was made into the 1972 film
Billie Holiday | Known as: Musician – Life: 1915-1959 | Billie Holiday, born Eleanora Fagan, was one of the greatest jazz singers of the 20th century. Holiday started working with Artie Shaw and his orchestra in 1938, becoming one of the first female African-American vocalists to work with a white orchestra. Her singing reflected her tumultuous life, which was marred by bouts of substance abuse. Her autobiography was made into the 1972 film “Lady Sings the Blues” starring Diana Ross. (Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images)
Fannie Barrier Williams | Known as: Educator, activist - Life: 1855-1944 | Fannie Barrier Williams was an influential educator and activist who was a staunch advocate for freed slaves in the South. She spoke at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, expressing her concern over the lack of Blacks on the Board of Control for that cultural event. She helped found organizations such as the National League of Colored Women, the National Association of Colored Women, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She also supported women's suffrage and in 1907, was the only African-American chosen to eulogize Susan B. Anthony at the 1907 National American Women Suffrage Association convention. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Fannie Barrier Williams | Known as: Educator, activist – Life: 1855-1944 | Fannie Barrier Williams was an influential educator and activist who was a staunch advocate for freed slaves in the South. She spoke at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, expressing her concern over the lack of Blacks on the Board of Control for that cultural event. She helped found organizations such as the National League of Colored Women, the National Association of Colored Women, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She also supported women’s suffrage and in 1907, was the only African-American chosen to eulogize Susan B. Anthony at the 1907 National American Women Suffrage Association convention. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Maria 'Molly' Baldwin | Known as: Educator, civic leader - Life: 1856-1922 | Maria 'Molly' Baldwin was a teacher and civic leader in Cambridge, Mass. She became master of the Agassiz School, a public school for middle-class white children, in 1916. She was one of only two women masters in Cambridge schools and the only African-American in New England with that distinction. During Baldwin's tenure, the Agassiz School was considered one of the best in Cambridge. The 12 teachers who served under her were all white. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Maria ‘Molly’ Baldwin | Known as: Educator, civic leader – Life: 1856-1922 | Maria ‘Molly’ Baldwin was a teacher and civic leader in Cambridge, Mass. She became master of the Agassiz School, a public school for middle-class white children, in 1916. She was one of only two women masters in Cambridge schools and the only African-American in New England with that distinction. During Baldwin’s tenure, the Agassiz School was considered one of the best in Cambridge. The 12 teachers who served under her were all white. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Charlayne Hunter-Gault | Known as: Journalist - Life: 1942-present | Television viewers are familiar with the work of Charlayne Hunter-Gault. She joined the well-respected PBS news program MacNeil/Lehrer Report in 1978 and later served as Johannesburg bureau chief for CNN. Before her journalism career, Hunter-Gault was one of the first two African-Americans to attend the University of Georgia. (Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images)
Charlayne Hunter-Gault | Known as: Journalist – Life: 1942-present | Television viewers are familiar with the work of Charlayne Hunter-Gault. She joined the well-respected PBS news program MacNeil/Lehrer Report in 1978 and later served as Johannesburg bureau chief for CNN. Before her journalism career, Hunter-Gault was one of the first two African-Americans to attend the University of Georgia. (Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images)
Barbara Jordan | Known as: Politician, educator - Life: 1936-1996 | The Watergate scandal helped thrust Barbara Jordan into the national spotlight. While sitting on the House Judiciary Committee, the congresswoman eloquently explained why she supported articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon. In 1972, Jordan and Andrew Young Jr. became the first African-Americans elected to Congress in the 20th century. (Keystone/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Barbara Jordan | Known as: Politician, educator – Life: 1936-1996 | The Watergate scandal helped thrust Barbara Jordan into the national spotlight. While sitting on the House Judiciary Committee, the congresswoman eloquently explained why she supported articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon. In 1972, Jordan and Andrew Young Jr. became the first African-Americans elected to Congress in the 20th century. (Keystone/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Shirley Chisholm | Known as: Politician, presidential candidate - Life: 1924-2005 | Known as
Shirley Chisholm | Known as: Politician, presidential candidate – Life: 1924-2005 | Known as “Fighting Shirley,” Shirley Chisholm was the first African-American woman elected to Congress, serving the first of seven terms beginning in 1969. She was also the first woman and first African-American to seek the nomination for president from one of the two major political parties — the Democrats — in 1972. Chisolm fought for racial and gender equality, advocated for the poor, and opposed the Vietnam War. (Pictorial Parade/Getty Images)
Coretta Scott King | Life: 1927-2006 | The widow of Dr. Martin Luther King, Coretta Scott King continued the work of her slain husband. She founded the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta. She also wrote a memoir,
Coretta Scott King | Life: 1927-2006 | The widow of Dr. Martin Luther King, Coretta Scott King continued the work of her slain husband. She founded the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta. She also wrote a memoir, “My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr.,” as well as other books pertaining to Dr. King. (Hulton Archive/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Emma Azalia Smith Hackley | Known as: Musician, activist - Life: 1867-1922 | Emma Azalia Smith Hackley was a woman of many talents: singer, teacher, journalist, and activist. She learned the piano and violin as a child, studied opera in Paris, and became a choir director. She edited the women's section of The Colorado Statesman, worked as an elementary school teacher, and gave singing lessons to such artists as Marian Anderson, Roland Hayes, and R. Nathaniel Dett. Co-founder of the Colored Women's League, she combatted racial discrimination all her life. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Emma Azalia Smith Hackley | Known as: Musician, activist – Life: 1867-1922 | Emma Azalia Smith Hackley was a woman of many talents: singer, teacher, journalist, and activist. She learned the piano and violin as a child, studied opera in Paris, and became a choir director. She edited the women’s section of The Colorado Statesman, worked as an elementary school teacher, and gave singing lessons to such artists as Marian Anderson, Roland Hayes, and R. Nathaniel Dett. Co-founder of the Colored Women’s League, she combatted racial discrimination all her life. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Elizabeth Carter Brooks | Known as: Educator, activist, architect - Life: 1867-1951 | The daughter of a slave owned by President John Tyler, Brooks studied architecture and design at the Swain Free School in her native New Bedford, Mass., became New Bedford's first African-American teacher, founded the community's NAACP chapter, helped open the New Bedford Home for the Aged and contributed to its design. She believed that it was important to preserve buildings associated with Black history, and worked to recognize and protect them. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Elizabeth Carter Brooks | Known as: Educator, activist, architect – Life: 1867-1951 | The daughter of a slave owned by President John Tyler, Brooks studied architecture and design at the Swain Free School in her native New Bedford, Mass., became New Bedford’s first African-American teacher, founded the community’s NAACP chapter, helped open the New Bedford Home for the Aged and contributed to its design. She believed that it was important to preserve buildings associated with Black history, and worked to recognize and protect them. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Ella Fitzgerald | Known as: Singer - Life: 1917-1996 | Certain celebrities are known just by their one name, and Ella is one of them. She was one of the greatest singers of the 20th century, despite racial bias that kept her out of famous performing venues for much of her early career. She won 13 Grammy awards and sold over 40 million albums. Fitzgerald performed with the greatest performers of the 20th century, among them Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, and Benny Goodman. (John Downing/Getty Images)
Ella Fitzgerald | Known as: Singer – Life: 1917-1996 | Certain celebrities are known just by their one name, and Ella is one of them. She was one of the greatest singers of the 20th century, despite racial bias that kept her out of famous performing venues for much of her early career. She won 13 Grammy awards and sold over 40 million albums. Fitzgerald performed with the greatest performers of the 20th century, among them Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, and Benny Goodman. (John Downing/Getty Images)
Fannie Lou Hamer | Known as: Politician, activist - Life: 1917-1977 | Few civil rights advocates had it harder than Fannie Lou Hamer. The daughter of Mississippi sharecroppers, she was arrested and beaten for sitting in a whites-only section of a bus station restaurant. She gained national attention in 1964 when her Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party challenged the Democratic Party's efforts opposing Black participation. She was thwarted then, but her efforts led to Mississippi's first integrated Democratic Party delegation four years later. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Fannie Lou Hamer | Known as: Politician, activist – Life: 1917-1977 | Few civil rights advocates had it harder than Fannie Lou Hamer. The daughter of Mississippi sharecroppers, she was arrested and beaten for sitting in a whites-only section of a bus station restaurant. She gained national attention in 1964 when her Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party challenged the Democratic Party’s efforts opposing Black participation. She was thwarted then, but her efforts led to Mississippi’s first integrated Democratic Party delegation four years later. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Frances E.W. Harper | Known as: Poet, author, activist - Life: 1825-1911 | Frances E.W. Harper was a suffragist, an organizer for the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and an abolitionist who was inspired to the cause by her uncle, civil rights activist Rev. William J. Watkins Sr. She traveled across the U.S. and Canada, giving speeches to anti-slavery organizations and advocating for women's rights and prohibition. She published her first volume of poetry when she was only 20, and at the age of 67, published
Frances E.W. Harper | Known as: Poet, author, activist – Life: 1825-1911 | Frances E.W. Harper was a suffragist, an organizer for the National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, and an abolitionist who was inspired to the cause by her uncle, civil rights activist Rev. William J. Watkins Sr. She traveled across the U.S. and Canada, giving speeches to anti-slavery organizations and advocating for women’s rights and prohibition. She published her first volume of poetry when she was only 20, and at the age of 67, published “Iola Leroy” — one of the first novels written by a Black woman. (Public Domain/Library of Congress)
Hallie Quinn Brown | Known as: Educator and activist - Life: 1850-1949 | The daughter of slaves who grew up in Canada, Brown taught in plantation schools in Mississippi and South Carolina. She became a famous lecturer and toured Europe in the 19th century, lecturing about African-American life and temperance. Queen Victoria was in attendance at several of her lectures. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Hallie Quinn Brown | Known as: Educator and activist – Life: 1850-1949 | The daughter of slaves who grew up in Canada, Brown taught in plantation schools in Mississippi and South Carolina. She became a famous lecturer and toured Europe in the 19th century, lecturing about African-American life and temperance. Queen Victoria was in attendance at several of her lectures. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Harriet Tubman | Known as: Abolitionist - Life: 1820-1913 | Dubbed the
Harriet Tubman | Known as: Abolitionist – Life: 1820-1913 | Dubbed the “Moses of her people,” Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous abolitionists ever. A slave herself, she escaped in 1849 and helped others gain freedom via the Underground Railroad. Such was her success that slave owners offered a reward of $40,000 for her capture or death. During the Civil War, Tubman was a spy for the Union Army, and she became an active supporters of women’s suffrage. (The Library of Congress)
Ida B. Wells | Known as: Journalist, teacher - Life: 1862-1931 | Born into slavery during the Civil War, Ida B. Wells became a teacher and later passionately documented and protested the lynching of African-Americans, publishing stories that put her life at risk. She took on segregation head on when she accused a train company in Memphis, Tenn., of unfair treatment. She won the case in local court but it was overturned on the federal level. She toured England as part of her anti-lynching campaign, and was active in civil rights and women's suffrage issues. She was also involved with the founding of the NAACP. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Ida B. Wells | Known as: Journalist, teacher – Life: 1862-1931 | Born into slavery during the Civil War, Ida B. Wells became a teacher and later passionately documented and protested the lynching of African-Americans, publishing stories that put her life at risk. She took on segregation head on when she accused a train company in Memphis, Tenn., of unfair treatment. She won the case in local court but it was overturned on the federal level. She toured England as part of her anti-lynching campaign, and was active in civil rights and women’s suffrage issues. She was also involved with the founding of the NAACP. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Josephine A. Silone Yates | Known as: Writer, professor - Life: 1852-1912 | Long Island-born Josephine A. Silone Yates moved to Rhode Island to live with an aunt, where she became the only African-American student in her Newport, R.I., high school, and the first Black to graduate from the school. She eventually moved to Missouri and became one of the most respected teachers in that state, becoming the first Black woman to become chair of a college science department (she had been trained in chemistry) and possibly the first to be named a full professor at any institution of higher learning in the country. (Library of Congress)
Josephine A. Silone Yates | Known as: Writer, professor – Life: 1852-1912 | Long Island-born Josephine A. Silone Yates moved to Rhode Island to live with an aunt, where she became the only African-American student in her Newport, R.I., high school, and the first Black to graduate from the school. She eventually moved to Missouri and became one of the most respected teachers in that state, becoming the first Black woman to become chair of a college science department (she had been trained in chemistry) and possibly the first to be named a full professor at any institution of higher learning in the country. (Library of Congress)
Katherine Dunham | Known as: Dancer, choreographer - Life: 1909-2006 | Katherine Dunham was a change agent in American dance in the 1930s, tapping into the origins of Black dance and Caribbean choreography and integrating them into American entertainment. Dunman had her own dance troupe, and was one of the founders of the anthropological dance movement. She was a director in the Federal Theater Project, a government-sponsored relief program for artists that included Orson Welles and John Houseman. (Library of Congress)
Katherine Dunham | Known as: Dancer, choreographer – Life: 1909-2006 | Katherine Dunham was a change agent in American dance in the 1930s, tapping into the origins of Black dance and Caribbean choreography and integrating them into American entertainment. Dunman had her own dance troupe, and was one of the founders of the anthropological dance movement. She was a director in the Federal Theater Project, a government-sponsored relief program for artists that included Orson Welles and John Houseman. (Library of Congress)
Katherine Johnson | Known as: Scientist – Life: 1918-2020 | Katherine Johnson was profiled in the film “Hidden Figures” as a NASA mathematician whose trajectory calculations helped astronaut Alan Shepard become the first American in space. Her skills were crucial in calculating orbital equations that led to the success of astronaut John Glenn’s Friendship 7 mission in which he orbited the Earth successfully. Johnson also was a pathfinder in her native West Virginia, where she was among the first African-Americans to integrate West Virginia University. (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
Marian Anderson | Known as: Opera singer - Life: 1897-1993 | Marian Anderson was one of the greatest American contraltos of the 20th century and the first African-American to perform with the New York Metropolitan Opera. When the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow Anderson to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., in 1939, the public was outraged. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt invited her to sing instead at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday the same year, in a performance heard by millions of radio listeners. She was later a delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Committee and a U.S. State Department goodwill ambassador, and in 1963 was one of the first-ever Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients. (London Express/Getty Images)
Marian Anderson | Known as: Opera singer – Life: 1897-1993 | Marian Anderson was one of the greatest American contraltos of the 20th century and the first African-American to perform with the New York Metropolitan Opera. When the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow Anderson to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., in 1939, the public was outraged. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt invited her to sing instead at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday the same year, in a performance heard by millions of radio listeners. She was later a delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Committee and a U.S. State Department goodwill ambassador, and in 1963 was one of the first-ever Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients. (London Express/Getty Images)
Mary McLeod Bethune | Known as: Educator, activist - Life: 1875-1955 | Educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune became the highest ranking African-American woman in government in 1936 when President Franklin Roosevelt named her as director of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. She also was the only woman of color at the founding conference of the United Nations in 1945. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Mary McLeod Bethune | Known as: Educator, activist – Life: 1875-1955 | Educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune became the highest ranking African-American woman in government in 1936 when President Franklin Roosevelt named her as director of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. She also was the only woman of color at the founding conference of the United Nations in 1945. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Mary Church Terrell | Known as: Activist, suffragist - Life: 1863-1954 | Unlike many African-American female changemakers on the list, Mary Church Terrell came from an affluent background — her father was one of the South's first Black millionaires — and she leveraged that status to fight racial injustice. After an acquaintance was lynched in Memphis because his business was successful, Terrell focused on raising up African-Americans by the means of education and community activism. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Mary Church Terrell | Known as: Activist, suffragist – Life: 1863-1954 | Unlike many African-American female changemakers on the list, Mary Church Terrell came from an affluent background — her father was one of the South’s first Black millionaires — and she leveraged that status to fight racial injustice. After an acquaintance was lynched in Memphis because his business was successful, Terrell focused on raising up African-Americans by the means of education and community activism. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Constance Baker Motley | Known as: Attorney, activist - Life: 1921-2005 | There were many firsts in the life of Constance Baker Motley. She was the first Black woman to attend Columbia Law School. In 1964 she became the first African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate. Two years later, President Lyndon Johnson appointed her as the first Black woman to become a federal judge. Motley was also a leading figure in the desegregation of Southern universities and public spaces. (Library of Congress)
Constance Baker Motley | Known as: Attorney, activist – Life: 1921-2005 | There were many firsts in the life of Constance Baker Motley. She was the first Black woman to attend Columbia Law School. In 1964 she became the first African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate. Two years later, President Lyndon Johnson appointed her as the first Black woman to become a federal judge. Motley was also a leading figure in the desegregation of Southern universities and public spaces. (Library of Congress)
Nannie Helen Burroughs | Known as: Activist, educator - Life: 1879-1961 | Born to former slaves in Virginia, Nannie Helen Burroughs, was a leading educator, feminist, and suffragist in the Washington, D.C., area. After she was rebuffed for a teaching job in the Washington, D.C., school system, Burroughs founded a school for girls and women, the National Training School for Women and Girls in 1909. She served as the school's president until her death in 1961. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Nannie Helen Burroughs | Known as: Activist, educator – Life: 1879-1961 | Born to former slaves in Virginia, Nannie Helen Burroughs, was a leading educator, feminist, and suffragist in the Washington, D.C., area. After she was rebuffed for a teaching job in the Washington, D.C., school system, Burroughs founded a school for girls and women, the National Training School for Women and Girls in 1909. She served as the school’s president until her death in 1961. (library_of_congress/Flickr)
Oprah Winfrey | Known as: Entrepreneur, activist - Life: 1954 | Oprah Winfrey is the first Black billionaire, with a net worth of about $2.6 billion, according to Forbes. Winfrey was the host of a very popular daytime talk show that ran for 25 years, She  grew her media empire to include a television network and a magazine. Winfrey leveraged her fame in support of projects such as a leadership academy for girls in South Africa and the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama. (Getty Images)
Oprah Winfrey | Known as: Entrepreneur, activist – Life: 1954 | Oprah Winfrey is the first Black billionaire, with a net worth of about $2.6 billion, according to Forbes. Winfrey was the host of a very popular daytime talk show that ran for 25 years, She grew her media empire to include a television network and a magazine. Winfrey leveraged her fame in support of projects such as a leadership academy for girls in South Africa and the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama. (Getty Images)
Phillis Wheatley | Known as: Poet - Life: 1753-1784 | Taken from her native Gambia, Phillis Wheatley was brought to Boston in the mid-18th century and enslaved to the family of John Wheatley as a domestic. Aware of her intelligence, the Wheatleys taught her how to read and write. She eventually became a well-known poet in both New England and England, with her work
Phillis Wheatley | Known as: Poet – Life: 1753-1784 | Taken from her native Gambia, Phillis Wheatley was brought to Boston in the mid-18th century and enslaved to the family of John Wheatley as a domestic. Aware of her intelligence, the Wheatleys taught her how to read and write. She eventually became a well-known poet in both New England and England, with her work “An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of that Celebrated Divine, and Eminent Servant of Jesus Christ, the Reverend and Learned George Whitefield,” celebrated on both sides of the Atlantic. (Library of Congress)
Clarissa M. Thompson | Known as: Writer, educator - Life: 1859-1941 | Born to a middle-class family in South Carolina, Clarissa M. Thompson grew up during the Reconstruction era in South Carolina, becoming a schoolteacher at three different institutions, then moving to Texas, where she taught in public schools in Jefferson and Fort Worth. A supporter of women's suffrage and temperance, she was also an author of numerous short stories and novellas. (James T. Haley/Wikimedia Commons)
Clarissa M. Thompson | Known as: Writer, educator – Life: 1859-1941 | Born to a middle-class family in South Carolina, Clarissa M. Thompson grew up during the Reconstruction era in South Carolina, becoming a schoolteacher at three different institutions, then moving to Texas, where she taught in public schools in Jefferson and Fort Worth. A supporter of women’s suffrage and temperance, she was also an author of numerous short stories and novellas. (James T. Haley/Wikimedia Commons)
Laura A. Moore Westbrook | Known as: Educator, activist - Life: 1859-1894 | An educator in Texas, Laura A. Moore Westbrook, the daughter of slaves, took on the cause of temperance. She joined the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the largest women's organization in the country, and her life's work centered around reducing crime and poverty by advocating for total abstinence from alcohol. (Library of Congress)
Laura A. Moore Westbrook | Known as: Educator, activist – Life: 1859-1894 | An educator in Texas, Laura A. Moore Westbrook, the daughter of slaves, took on the cause of temperance. She joined the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the largest women’s organization in the country, and her life’s work centered around reducing crime and poverty by advocating for total abstinence from alcohol. (Library of Congress)
Lillian Parker Thomas | Known as: Journalist - Life: 1866-1917 | Lillian Parker Thomas gained a reputation as an effective collaborator and organizer while working as a journalist for the Indianapolis News, where she was the first African-American to write a regular column. Thomas used her contacts and influence at the newspaper to further the cause of racial equality. She was also involved in the founding of the Woman's Improvement Club, which helped African-Americans get health care. (Library of Congress)
Lillian Parker Thomas | Known as: Journalist – Life: 1866-1917 | Lillian Parker Thomas gained a reputation as an effective collaborator and organizer while working as a journalist for the Indianapolis News, where she was the first African-American to write a regular column. Thomas used her contacts and influence at the newspaper to further the cause of racial equality. She was also involved in the founding of the Woman’s Improvement Club, which helped African-Americans get health care. (Library of Congress)
Rosa Parks | Known as: Activist - Life: 1913-2005 | Rosa Parks is one of the most famous figures in the civil rights movement. When she refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., she was arrested. This led to a citywide boycott of buses that lasted more than a year, until the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. Park was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and when she died in 2005 at the age of 92, she became the first woman in American history to lie in state in the U.S. Capitol. (Library of Congress)
Rosa Parks | Known as: Activist – Life: 1913-2005 | Rosa Parks is one of the most famous figures in the civil rights movement. When she refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., she was arrested. This led to a citywide boycott of buses that lasted more than a year, until the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. Park was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and when she died in 2005 at the age of 92, she became the first woman in American history to lie in state in the U.S. Capitol. (Library of Congress)
Susie King Taylor | Known as: Nurse, author - Life: 1848-1912 | Though Susie King Taylor was born into slavery, that did not stop her from getting an education. She attended secret schools taught by African-Americans. Her literacy and skills as a nurse helped the African-American soldiers serving in the Union Army. She wrote
Susie King Taylor | Known as: Nurse, author – Life: 1848-1912 | Though Susie King Taylor was born into slavery, that did not stop her from getting an education. She attended secret schools taught by African-Americans. Her literacy and skills as a nurse helped the African-American soldiers serving in the Union Army. She wrote “Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops, Late 1st S.C. Volunteers,” earning her the distinction of being the only African-American woman to publish an account of her experiences during the war. (flickr)
Sissieretta Jones | Known as: Singer - Life: 1869-1933 | Born in Virginia to a pastor and singer in a church choir, Sissieretta Jones was an internationally acclaimed soprano. She became the first African-American to perform at Carnegie Hall in New York City in 1892. Jones sang classical opera in the United States and toured Europe, South America, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa in the late 19th century and early 20th century. (Library of Congress)
Sissieretta Jones | Known as: Singer – Life: 1869-1933 | Born in Virginia to a pastor and singer in a church choir, Sissieretta Jones was an internationally acclaimed soprano. She became the first African-American to perform at Carnegie Hall in New York City in 1892. Jones sang classical opera in the United States and toured Europe, South America, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa in the late 19th century and early 20th century. (Library of Congress)
Wilma Rudolph | Known as: Track and field athlete - Life: 1940-1994 | Wilma Rudolph contracted polio as a child, and wore a leg brace until she was 12, but that didn't stop her from attaining track and field immortality. Rudolph became the first U.S. woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympics, in Rome in 1960 — earning her praise as
Wilma Rudolph | Known as: Track and field athlete – Life: 1940-1994 | Wilma Rudolph contracted polio as a child, and wore a leg brace until she was 12, but that didn’t stop her from attaining track and field immortality. Rudolph became the first U.S. woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympics, in Rome in 1960 — earning her praise as “the fastest woman on earth.” Later in life, she became a schoolteacher, a civil rights activist, and an ABC Sports commentator for the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. (Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Zora Neale Hurston | Known as: Writer, anthropologist - Life: 1891-1960 | Zora Neale Hurston devoted her life to studying and promoting Black culture and folklore. Though her short stories and fiction writing were initially ignored by mainstream media, she gained a following in the African-American community. Among her works are novels, satirical works, a book about voodoo in Haiti and Jamaica, and is a collaboration with celebrated poet and playwright Langston Hughes titled
Zora Neale Hurston | Known as: Writer, anthropologist – Life: 1891-1960 | Zora Neale Hurston devoted her life to studying and promoting Black culture and folklore. Though her short stories and fiction writing were initially ignored by mainstream media, she gained a following in the African-American community. Among her works are novels, satirical works, a book about voodoo in Haiti and Jamaica, and is a collaboration with celebrated poet and playwright Langston Hughes titled “Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life.” (flickr)
]]> https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/30/36-black-women-who-changed-american-history/feed/ 0 3595713 2021-12-30T11:10:05+00:00 2021-12-30T16:10:06+00:00 100 years of robots: How technology – and our lives – have changed https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/15/100-years-of-robots-how-technology-and-our-lives-have-changed/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/15/100-years-of-robots-how-technology-and-our-lives-have-changed/#respond Wed, 15 Dec 2021 13:55:16 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3600985&preview_id=3600985
100 years of robots: How technology – and our lives – have changed | It was 100 years ago that we first heard the term
100 years of robots: How technology – and our lives – have changed | It was 100 years ago that we first heard the term “robot,” so to mark the occasion, 24/7 Tempo has compiled a list of how technology — and our lives — have changed over 100 years of robots. We reviewed information from Wired, NASA, and other tech publications to find examples of the most popular, important, ground-breaking, and innovative robotic inventions over the past century. (George Steinmetz/Getty Images News via Getty Images)
1. R.U.R. | Year: 1921 | Made by: Karel Capek | R.U.R. refers to the play
1. R.U.R. | Year: 1921 | Made by: Karel Capek | R.U.R. refers to the play “Rossum’s Universal Robots,” written by Czech playwright Karel Capek. The word robot comes from the Czech word “robota,” or forced labor, and is derived from the Slavic root word “rab,” meaning slave. (Unknown/Wikimedia Commons)
2. Eric | Year: 1928 - Made by: William H. Richards and A.H. Reffell | One of the world's first actual robots, Eric was created as a stand-in for Queen Elizabeth's father, the Duke of York. The royal was supposed to officially open the Royal Horticultural Halls, but one of the robot's makers, William H. Richards, thought that a show he considered to be mechanical should be opened by a mechanical man. (Matt Brown/flickr)
2. Eric | Year: 1928 – Made by: William H. Richards and A.H. Reffell | One of the world’s first actual robots, Eric was created as a stand-in for Queen Elizabeth’s father, the Duke of York. The royal was supposed to officially open the Royal Horticultural Halls, but one of the robot’s makers, William H. Richards, thought that a show he considered to be mechanical should be opened by a mechanical man. (Matt Brown/flickr)
3. Gakutensoku | Year: 1929 - Made by: Makoto Nishimura | Gakutensoku was a robot created in Japan as part of an exhibit to mark the ascension of the emperor. The robot was powered by air pressure, stood 7 feet 8 inches, and could render characters with a pen. (Osaka Mainichi-shinbun/Wikimedia Commons)
3. Gakutensoku | Year: 1929 – Made by: Makoto Nishimura | Gakutensoku was a robot created in Japan as part of an exhibit to mark the ascension of the emperor. The robot was powered by air pressure, stood 7 feet 8 inches, and could render characters with a pen. (Osaka Mainichi-shinbun/Wikimedia Commons)
4. Teletank | Year: 1930 - Made by: USSR | Teletanks were remotely controlled unmanned tanks made in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, created to lower casualties among Soviet soldiers. They were first deployed during the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland. (Unknown/Wikimedia Commons)
4. Teletank | Year: 1930 – Made by: USSR | Teletanks were remotely controlled unmanned tanks made in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, created to lower casualties among Soviet soldiers. They were first deployed during the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland. (Unknown/Wikimedia Commons)
5. Elektro | Year: 1939 - Made by: Westinghouse | Westinghouse built Elektro in the late 1930s, and the robot was a hit at the 1939 World's Fair in New York. The robot was 7 feet tall and could walk by voice command via headset. Elektro told jokes and smoked. (Allison Meier/flickr)
5. Elektro | Year: 1939 – Made by: Westinghouse | Westinghouse built Elektro in the late 1930s, and the robot was a hit at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. The robot was 7 feet tall and could walk by voice command via headset. Elektro told jokes and smoked. (Allison Meier/flickr)
6. Lilliput | Year: mid 1940s - Made by: Schylling | Lilliput, the first toy robot, was made in Japan, probably in the 1940s. The first of these robots were wind-up toys, and after the war, they became battery-operated. They were made of tin and marketed as Atomic Robot Man. The toy was a promotional gift at the 1950 New York Sci-Fi Convention. (Dorian/flickr)
6. Lilliput | Year: mid 1940s – Made by: Schylling | Lilliput, the first toy robot, was made in Japan, probably in the 1940s. The first of these robots were wind-up toys, and after the war, they became battery-operated. They were made of tin and marketed as Atomic Robot Man. The toy was a promotional gift at the 1950 New York Sci-Fi Convention. (Dorian/flickr)
7. Elmer and Elsie | Year: 1948 - Made by: W. Grey Walter - Elmer and Elsie, the brainchildren of W. Grey Walter, were the first autonomous robots. They mimicked human behavior and were advanced enough to move things out of their way. When they were running low on electricity, they knew to go to a charging station. (Ank Kumar/Wikimedia Commons)
7. Elmer and Elsie | Year: 1948 – Made by: W. Grey Walter – Elmer and Elsie, the brainchildren of W. Grey Walter, were the first autonomous robots. They mimicked human behavior and were advanced enough to move things out of their way. When they were running low on electricity, they knew to go to a charging station. (Ank Kumar/Wikimedia Commons)
8. George | Year: 1949 - Made by: Tony Sale | Englishman Tony Sale created George out of scrap metal recovered from a crashed World War II-era bomber when he was 19 years old. At the time, Sale was stationed at a Royal Air Force base and was teaching pilots how to use radar. Sale's creation was part of the RAF's effort to get officers to build demonstration kits. (Steve Parker/flickr)
8. George | Year: 1949 – Made by: Tony Sale | Englishman Tony Sale created George out of scrap metal recovered from a crashed World War II-era bomber when he was 19 years old. At the time, Sale was stationed at a Royal Air Force base and was teaching pilots how to use radar. Sale’s creation was part of the RAF’s effort to get officers to build demonstration kits. (Steve Parker/flickr)
9. Unimate | Year: 1956 - Made by: General Motors | Unimate, the first industrial robot, was employed by General Motors. It used a hydraulic arm to do repeated tasks and assembled cars. The robot was created by George Devol to perform tasks considered harmful to humans. It was first installed at a diecasting assembly line in Ewing Township, New Jersey, in 1959. The robot appeared on
9. Unimate | Year: 1956 – Made by: General Motors | Unimate, the first industrial robot, was employed by General Motors. It used a hydraulic arm to do repeated tasks and assembled cars. The robot was created by George Devol to perform tasks considered harmful to humans. It was first installed at a diecasting assembly line in Ewing Township, New Jersey, in 1959. The robot appeared on “The Tonight Show” in 1966. (Razor Robotics/flickr)
10. Ladybug | Year: 1957 - Made by: University of Szeged | Ladybug is one of the first animal-like robots. It was built by Daniel Muszka and Laszlo Kalmar of the University of Szeged in Hungary in 1957. Muszka created the robot to mimic conditional reflexes in a machine. (Torok Daniel/Wikimedia Commons)
10. Ladybug | Year: 1957 – Made by: University of Szeged | Ladybug is one of the first animal-like robots. It was built by Daniel Muszka and Laszlo Kalmar of the University of Szeged in Hungary in 1957. Muszka created the robot to mimic conditional reflexes in a machine. (Torok Daniel/Wikimedia Commons)
11. Beast | Year: 1960 - Made by: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab | Powered by many transistors, the Beast plied the hallways of Johns Hopkins University in the 1960s. When its battery started to run low, the Beast could regenerate itself using a recharging arm, finding outlets with a photocell optics. (UmerPK/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
11. Beast | Year: 1960 – Made by: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab | Powered by many transistors, the Beast plied the hallways of Johns Hopkins University in the 1960s. When its battery started to run low, the Beast could regenerate itself using a recharging arm, finding outlets with a photocell optics. (UmerPK/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
12. Rock 'em Sock 'em Robots | Year: 1966 - Made by: Mattel | A must-have for kids growing up in the 1960s, this toy pitted two robots in a boxing ring. If one robot was skilled enough to land a sock to the jaw, the head of the opponent would spring upward, ending the match. It was introduced in 1964 by Mattel and is still popular. (Gabe Ginsberg/Getty Images Entertainment via Getty Images)
12. Rock ’em Sock ’em Robots | Year: 1966 – Made by: Mattel | A must-have for kids growing up in the 1960s, this toy pitted two robots in a boxing ring. If one robot was skilled enough to land a sock to the jaw, the head of the opponent would spring upward, ending the match. It was introduced in 1964 by Mattel and is still popular. (Gabe Ginsberg/Getty Images Entertainment via Getty Images)
13. Apollo 15 Lunar Rover | Year: 1971 - Made by: NASA | Apollo 15 was the first NASA mission to employ a lunar rover in 1971. Astronauts David Scott and James Irwin assembled the 460-pound vehicle and drove it almost 17 miles while conducting experiments on the moon. They left the rover on the moon, one of three rovers still on the moon. (Dave ScottNASA)
13. Apollo 15 Lunar Rover | Year: 1971 – Made by: NASA | Apollo 15 was the first NASA mission to employ a lunar rover in 1971. Astronauts David Scott and James Irwin assembled the 460-pound vehicle and drove it almost 17 miles while conducting experiments on the moon. They left the rover on the moon, one of three rovers still on the moon. (Dave ScottNASA)
14. Shakey | Year: 1972 - Made by: SRI International | The product of the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International, Shakey advanced the possibilities of robotics through its ability to reason. It could find routes and re-arrange objects. A Life magazine article called Shakey
14. Shakey | Year: 1972 – Made by: SRI International | The product of the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International, Shakey advanced the possibilities of robotics through its ability to reason. It could find routes and re-arrange objects. A Life magazine article called Shakey “the first electronic person.” The robot joined the Carnegie Mellon Robot Hall of Fame in 2004. It can be seen at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. (Marc Smith/flickr)
15. Freddy II | Year: 1973 - Made by: University of Edinburgh | Freddy II was a robot used for hand/eye coordination research in the 1970s at the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (later the Department of Artificial Intelligence) at the University of Edinburgh. Its robot arms were equipped with grippers affixed to an overhead gantry. (Suhongjia/Wikimedia Commons)
15. Freddy II | Year: 1973 – Made by: University of Edinburgh | Freddy II was a robot used for hand/eye coordination research in the 1970s at the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (later the Department of Artificial Intelligence) at the University of Edinburgh. Its robot arms were equipped with grippers affixed to an overhead gantry. (Suhongjia/Wikimedia Commons)
16. Voyager 1 | Year: 1977 - Made by: NASA | The NASA robot Voyager I became the first human-made object to measure interstellar space on Aug. 25, 2012, when it crossed beyond the heliosphere. Voyager 1 continues to provide insights of the space frontier, measuring the density of material in interstellar space. (JPL-Caltech/NASA)
16. Voyager 1 | Year: 1977 – Made by: NASA | The NASA robot Voyager I became the first human-made object to measure interstellar space on Aug. 25, 2012, when it crossed beyond the heliosphere. Voyager 1 continues to provide insights of the space frontier, measuring the density of material in interstellar space. (JPL-Caltech/NASA)
17. 2-XL | Year: 1978 - Made by: Tiger Electronics | Mego produced the first talking robot toy in 1978. 2-XL's educational programs on various subjects were recorded on eight-track tapes. The toy asked and answered children's questions. After Mego filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations, Tiger reintroduced the toy in 1992. (PantheraLeo/Wikimedia Commons)
17. 2-XL | Year: 1978 – Made by: Tiger Electronics | Mego produced the first talking robot toy in 1978. 2-XL’s educational programs on various subjects were recorded on eight-track tapes. The toy asked and answered children’s questions. After Mego filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations, Tiger reintroduced the toy in 1992. (PantheraLeo/Wikimedia Commons)
18. Canadarm | Year: 1981 - Made by: Canadian Space Agency | The Canadarm was a mechanical arm that was remotely controlled. It was made of titanium and stainless steel. Developed in Canada, it was about 20 feet long with a wrist, elbow and shoulder. The Canadarm fixed satellites and moved cargo. It served NASA's Space Shuttle program for 30 years and was retired in 2011. (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum)
18. Canadarm | Year: 1981 – Made by: Canadian Space Agency | The Canadarm was a mechanical arm that was remotely controlled. It was made of titanium and stainless steel. Developed in Canada, it was about 20 feet long with a wrist, elbow and shoulder. The Canadarm fixed satellites and moved cargo. It served NASA’s Space Shuttle program for 30 years and was retired in 2011. (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum)
19. RB5X | Year: 1985 - Made by: RB Robot Corporation | RBX5 was the first mass-produced home robot kit. When assembled, the robot weighed 24 pounds and could travel at 4 inches per second. The robot could be programmed to speak, travel about a room using a sonar system, and fetch small objects. (Courtesy of www.rbrobotics.com)
19. RB5X | Year: 1985 – Made by: RB Robot Corporation | RBX5 was the first mass-produced home robot kit. When assembled, the robot weighed 24 pounds and could travel at 4 inches per second. The robot could be programmed to speak, travel about a room using a sonar system, and fetch small objects. (Courtesy of www.rbrobotics.com)
20. Robosaurus | Year: 1989 - Made by: Doug Malewicki - The transforming dinosaur robot Robosaurus is modeled on the Transformer toy series. The driver of the robot sits in the creation's head and Robosaurus can transform into a 48-foot semi trailer from a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The 30-ton Robosaurus cost $2.2 million and took two years to build. (Lisa Maree Williams/Getty Images)
20. Robosaurus | Year: 1989 – Made by: Doug Malewicki – The transforming dinosaur robot Robosaurus is modeled on the Transformer toy series. The driver of the robot sits in the creation’s head and Robosaurus can transform into a 48-foot semi trailer from a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The 30-ton Robosaurus cost $2.2 million and took two years to build. (Lisa Maree Williams/Getty Images)
21. Predator Drone | Year: 1994 - Made by: U.S. Military | The Predator Drone is a medium-altitude, unmanned aircraft that has been used for surveillance and is armed with missiles. Its use has been considered controversial, particularly in the war on terror when it has attacked and killed civilians. A forerunner of the Predator was first deployed in the Balkans in 1993. (John Moore/Getty Images)
21. Predator Drone | Year: 1994 – Made by: U.S. Military | The Predator Drone is a medium-altitude, unmanned aircraft that has been used for surveillance and is armed with missiles. Its use has been considered controversial, particularly in the war on terror when it has attacked and killed civilians. A forerunner of the Predator was first deployed in the Balkans in 1993. (John Moore/Getty Images)
22. Push the Talking Trash Can | Year: 1995 - Made by: Walt Disney Company | Push the Talking Trash Can is a radio-operated robot that's been spotted at Disney theme parks and properties in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. Push is operated by Disney cast members who provide the voice for the robot. (Lucky 6.9/Wikimedia Commons)
22. Push the Talking Trash Can | Year: 1995 – Made by: Walt Disney Company | Push the Talking Trash Can is a radio-operated robot that’s been spotted at Disney theme parks and properties in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. Push is operated by Disney cast members who provide the voice for the robot. (Lucky 6.9/Wikimedia Commons)
23. ABE | Year: 1995 - Made by: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | ABE, which stands for autonomous benthic explorer, is a robot that probes the oceans. The robot can plunge to a depth of 15,000 feet, map the ocean's floor, and gather water samples. It was developed at the storied Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Falmouth, Massachusetts. (NOAA Photo Library)
23. ABE | Year: 1995 – Made by: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | ABE, which stands for autonomous benthic explorer, is a robot that probes the oceans. The robot can plunge to a depth of 15,000 feet, map the ocean’s floor, and gather water samples. It was developed at the storied Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Falmouth, Massachusetts. (NOAA Photo Library)
24. BioHazard | Year: 1996 - Made by: Carlo Bertocchini - BioHazard is a so-called Battlebot competing in the category of combat robotics. Its main weapon is its lifting arm. The low-slung robot competed in seven Battlebots competitions in the heavyweight division from 1999 to 2002 and won four of them. (Courtesy of BattleBots via Facebook)
24. BioHazard | Year: 1996 – Made by: Carlo Bertocchini – BioHazard is a so-called Battlebot competing in the category of combat robotics. Its main weapon is its lifting arm. The low-slung robot competed in seven Battlebots competitions in the heavyweight division from 1999 to 2002 and won four of them. (Courtesy of BattleBots via Facebook)
25. P2 | Year: 1996 - Made by: Honda | P2 is a biped robot whose prototype stood 6 feet tall and weighed 462 pounds. It debuted in 1996 and could walk stairs and push carts. It could walk at about 1 mph. Honda, which made the robot, touted it as
25. P2 | Year: 1996 – Made by: Honda | P2 is a biped robot whose prototype stood 6 feet tall and weighed 462 pounds. It debuted in 1996 and could walk stairs and push carts. It could walk at about 1 mph. Honda, which made the robot, touted it as “the first self-regulating, two-legged humanoid walking robot.” (Loz Pycock/flickr)
26. Furby | Year: 1998 - Made by: Tiger Electronics | Furby, a talking computer shaped like a furry hamster or an owl, took the country by storm in 1998 and became the hot toy during the holiday season. Furbies contain sensors enabling people to interact with them. Furbies started communicating in their own language but learned other languages the longer people interacted with them. About 27 million Furbies were sold over 12 months after their initial launch. (Getty Images)
26. Furby | Year: 1998 – Made by: Tiger Electronics | Furby, a talking computer shaped like a furry hamster or an owl, took the country by storm in 1998 and became the hot toy during the holiday season. Furbies contain sensors enabling people to interact with them. Furbies started communicating in their own language but learned other languages the longer people interacted with them. About 27 million Furbies were sold over 12 months after their initial launch. (Getty Images)
27. Kismet | Year: 1998 - Made by: MIT | Kismet, created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was among the first robots to perceive emotions and understand social cues. The 15-inch tall robot had huge eyes and spoke in a baby voice. (George Steinmetz/Getty Images)
27. Kismet | Year: 1998 – Made by: MIT | Kismet, created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was among the first robots to perceive emotions and understand social cues. The 15-inch tall robot had huge eyes and spoke in a baby voice. (George Steinmetz/Getty Images)
28. Mindstorms | Year: 1998 - Made by: Lego | Mindstorms are programmable Lego kits that are education tools. They were developed by Lego CEO Kjeld Kristiansen, who was fascinated by the opportunity for children to build and program their own creations. (Junko Kimura/Getty Images)
28. Mindstorms | Year: 1998 – Made by: Lego | Mindstorms are programmable Lego kits that are education tools. They were developed by Lego CEO Kjeld Kristiansen, who was fascinated by the opportunity for children to build and program their own creations. (Junko Kimura/Getty Images)
29. Aibo | Year: 1999 - Made by: Sony | Sony created the robot dog Aibo (Artificial Intelligence roBOt), which means companion or friend in Japanese. Aibo is able to mature from a puppy to an adult and is influenced by its surroundings and interactions with its owners. Started as a research project, the toy hit the market in May 1999, and about 2,000 were sold in the U.S. in four days. (Tristan Fewings/Getty Images)
29. Aibo | Year: 1999 – Made by: Sony | Sony created the robot dog Aibo (Artificial Intelligence roBOt), which means companion or friend in Japanese. Aibo is able to mature from a puppy to an adult and is influenced by its surroundings and interactions with its owners. Started as a research project, the toy hit the market in May 1999, and about 2,000 were sold in the U.S. in four days. (Tristan Fewings/Getty Images)
30. Asimo | Year: 2000 - Made by: Honda | Asimo, an acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, is a humanoid robot made by Honda and created to assist people. The robot can also communicate using sign language. Asimo rang the bell to open trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 2002. (Dilip Vishwanat/Getty Images)
30. Asimo | Year: 2000 – Made by: Honda | Asimo, an acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, is a humanoid robot made by Honda and created to assist people. The robot can also communicate using sign language. Asimo rang the bell to open trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 2002. (Dilip Vishwanat/Getty Images)
31. Poo-Chi | Year: 2000 - Made by: Tiger Toys | Poo-Chi is a robot pet dog, designed by Samuel James Lloyd. It made its market debut on April 1, 2000, and retailed for $24.99 in the U.S. through Hasbro's Tiger Toys division. Poo-Chi had a gray body and it could bark or growl in pre-recorded sounds. More than 10 million Poo-Chis were sold over an eight-month period. (Getty Images/Getty Images)
31. Poo-Chi | Year: 2000 – Made by: Tiger Toys | Poo-Chi is a robot pet dog, designed by Samuel James Lloyd. It made its market debut on April 1, 2000, and retailed for $24.99 in the U.S. through Hasbro’s Tiger Toys division. Poo-Chi had a gray body and it could bark or growl in pre-recorded sounds. More than 10 million Poo-Chis were sold over an eight-month period. (Getty Images/Getty Images)
32. Roomba | Year: 2002 - Made by: iRobot | Don't want to vacuum? Let Roomba do the job. iRobot launched the floor-cleaning robotic vacuum in 2002. Subsequent versions have visual navigation, cloud-connected apps, improved cleaning power for carpets, and automatic dirt disposal. (James Leynse/Getty Images)
32. Roomba | Year: 2002 – Made by: iRobot | Don’t want to vacuum? Let Roomba do the job. iRobot launched the floor-cleaning robotic vacuum in 2002. Subsequent versions have visual navigation, cloud-connected apps, improved cleaning power for carpets, and automatic dirt disposal. (James Leynse/Getty Images)
33. iCub | Year: 2004 - Made by: Italian Institute of Technology | iCub is a humanoid robot about the size of a child that can grasp objects, crawl, and interact with humans. It was originally created as an open-source platform to support the study of artificial intelligence. (Oli Scarff/Getty Images)
33. iCub | Year: 2004 – Made by: Italian Institute of Technology | iCub is a humanoid robot about the size of a child that can grasp objects, crawl, and interact with humans. It was originally created as an open-source platform to support the study of artificial intelligence. (Oli Scarff/Getty Images)
34. Partner Ballroom Dancing Robots | Year: 2005 - Made by: Kazuhiro Kosuge, Tohoku University | Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers might have done a double-take if they saw Partner Ballroom Dancing Robots. The ballroom dancing androids, dance dresses and all, can anticipate movements of a partner, allowing them to follow a dancer's lead. (flickr)
34. Partner Ballroom Dancing Robots | Year: 2005 – Made by: Kazuhiro Kosuge, Tohoku University | Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers might have done a double-take if they saw Partner Ballroom Dancing Robots. The ballroom dancing androids, dance dresses and all, can anticipate movements of a partner, allowing them to follow a dancer’s lead. (flickr)
35. BigDog | Year: 2005 - Made by: Boston Dynamics | Developed for the military, the high-stepping BigDog emerged from Boston Dynamics in 2005. A video shows it traversing rough terrain and snow banks, fending off a shove from a human, and recovering from slipping on ice. BigDog is powered by an engine that drives a hydraulic actuation system. It can travel up to 4 mph. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. M. L. Meier)
35. BigDog | Year: 2005 – Made by: Boston Dynamics | Developed for the military, the high-stepping BigDog emerged from Boston Dynamics in 2005. A video shows it traversing rough terrain and snow banks, fending off a shove from a human, and recovering from slipping on ice. BigDog is powered by an engine that drives a hydraulic actuation system. It can travel up to 4 mph. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. M. L. Meier)
36. Geoff Peterson | Year: 2010 - Made by: Grant Imahara | Geoff Peterson was the animatronic humanoid sidekick of Craig Ferguson on the latter's late-night talk show. The metal mohawked robot was designed and built by Grant Imahara of MythBusters fame. (Jodi K./flickr)
36. Geoff Peterson | Year: 2010 – Made by: Grant Imahara | Geoff Peterson was the animatronic humanoid sidekick of Craig Ferguson on the latter’s late-night talk show. The metal mohawked robot was designed and built by Grant Imahara of MythBusters fame. (Jodi K./flickr)
37. Siri | Year: 2011 - Made by: Apple | Siri was the world's first virtual personal assistant and developed by SRI. That company spun off Siri Inc. in 2007, and in 2010 it was bought by Apple, which integrated Siri on its iPhone 4S as a voice assistant. (bedo/Getty Images)
37. Siri | Year: 2011 – Made by: Apple | Siri was the world’s first virtual personal assistant and developed by SRI. That company spun off Siri Inc. in 2007, and in 2010 it was bought by Apple, which integrated Siri on its iPhone 4S as a voice assistant. (bedo/Getty Images)
38. HAL | Year: 2012 - Made by: Cyberdyne | HAL stands for hybrid assistive limb and is a powered exoskeleton that helps people do daily tasks, particularly those who are recovering from injury. HAL operates through two control systems — one to control the brain and nervous system and the other tied to artificial intelligence algorithms. HAL stands just over 4 feet tall and weighs 26.5 pounds. (Junko Kimura/Getty Images)
38. HAL | Year: 2012 – Made by: Cyberdyne | HAL stands for hybrid assistive limb and is a powered exoskeleton that helps people do daily tasks, particularly those who are recovering from injury. HAL operates through two control systems — one to control the brain and nervous system and the other tied to artificial intelligence algorithms. HAL stands just over 4 feet tall and weighs 26.5 pounds. (Junko Kimura/Getty Images)
39. Phantom | Year: 2013 - Made by: DJI | The Phantom was Chinese drone maker DJI's first consumer drone product when it debuted in 2013. It was outfitted with an internal GPS system and could only fly for 10 minutes. It did not have a camera. (Courtesy of https://www.dji.com)
39. Phantom | Year: 2013 – Made by: DJI | The Phantom was Chinese drone maker DJI’s first consumer drone product when it debuted in 2013. It was outfitted with an internal GPS system and could only fly for 10 minutes. It did not have a camera. (Courtesy of https://www.dji.com)
40. Pepper | Year: 2014 - Made by: SoftBank | Pepper was the result of a joint development effort of Softbank Mobile Corp. and Aldebaran Robotics SAS and touted as the
40. Pepper | Year: 2014 – Made by: SoftBank | Pepper was the result of a joint development effort of Softbank Mobile Corp. and Aldebaran Robotics SAS and touted as the “world’s first personal robot that can read emotions.” Pepper is considered to be a business robot, offering recommendations for products at stores. (Joan Cros Garcia/Getty Images)
41. Spot | Year: 2016 - Made by: Boston Dynamics | Not quite a butler, but the electrically powered, 55-pound robot Spot can do many tasks around the house, without crashing into furniture. Spot walks like a dog, and its collapsible legs enable it to tuck in under a table. Spot can pick up glasses and dishes and store them in a dishwasher. (Courtesy of Boston Dynamics via Facebook)
41. Spot | Year: 2016 – Made by: Boston Dynamics | Not quite a butler, but the electrically powered, 55-pound robot Spot can do many tasks around the house, without crashing into furniture. Spot walks like a dog, and its collapsible legs enable it to tuck in under a table. Spot can pick up glasses and dishes and store them in a dishwasher. (Courtesy of Boston Dynamics via Facebook)
42. Sophia | Year: 2016 - Made by: Hanson Robotics | Sophia is a remarkably lifelike robot touted by makers Hanson Robotic as
42. Sophia | Year: 2016 – Made by: Hanson Robotics | Sophia is a remarkably lifelike robot touted by makers Hanson Robotic as “a unique combination of science, engineering, and artistry.” Sophia interacted with talk-show host Jimmy Fallon and appeared at the United Nations. The robot is described by company founder David Hanson as a “social robot,” whose artificial intelligence software processes visual data that enables it to see. Sophia also has become a citizen of Saudi Arabia. (VIEW press/Getty Images)
43. T-HR3 | Year: 2017 - Made by: Toyota | T-HR3 was introduced by Toyota in 2017 and is a humanoid robot that replicates movements of its human operator. It was updated for the recent Tokyo Olympics, and its ability to walk was improved. (Tomohiro Ohsumi/Getty Images)
43. T-HR3 | Year: 2017 – Made by: Toyota | T-HR3 was introduced by Toyota in 2017 and is a humanoid robot that replicates movements of its human operator. It was updated for the recent Tokyo Olympics, and its ability to walk was improved. (Tomohiro Ohsumi/Getty Images)
44. Jia Jia | Year: 2017 - Made by: University of Science and Technology of China | Also known as the Robot Goddess of China, Jia Jia is a humanoid robot that reacts and responds to different human emotions. Jia Jia's speech-generation algorithms permit the robot to have conversations with different people. And apparently Jia Jia is vain, asking photographers not to take unflattering pictures of it. (VCG/Getty Images)
44. Jia Jia | Year: 2017 – Made by: University of Science and Technology of China | Also known as the Robot Goddess of China, Jia Jia is a humanoid robot that reacts and responds to different human emotions. Jia Jia’s speech-generation algorithms permit the robot to have conversations with different people. And apparently Jia Jia is vain, asking photographers not to take unflattering pictures of it. (VCG/Getty Images)
45. Walker | Year: 2018 - Made by: Ubtech Robotics | Walker is a biped robotic butler. Walker can climb stairs, hand you an umbrella, entertain children, and assist with video calls. (Courtesy of UBTECH Robotics via Facebook)
45. Walker | Year: 2018 – Made by: Ubtech Robotics | Walker is a biped robotic butler. Walker can climb stairs, hand you an umbrella, entertain children, and assist with video calls. (Courtesy of UBTECH Robotics via Facebook)
46. Pitch-R | Year: 2018 - Made by: Nissan | This robot can paint lines on a soccer pitch using Nissan ProPilot technology, GPS tracking system, and four cameras. Lines can be painted on grass, tarmac, or gravel and are environmentally friendly, meaning they will fade away over time. (Courtesy of UNIT9.com)
46. Pitch-R | Year: 2018 – Made by: Nissan | This robot can paint lines on a soccer pitch using Nissan ProPilot technology, GPS tracking system, and four cameras. Lines can be painted on grass, tarmac, or gravel and are environmentally friendly, meaning they will fade away over time. (Courtesy of UNIT9.com)
47. Mini Cheetah | Year: 2019 - Made by: MIT | Developed at MIT, the quadruped robot can traverse terrain without having to map it in advance. The control system is split into two — one that processes real-time input from a video camera attached to the front of the robot and another system that translates the data into instructions for how the robot should move its body. (Courtesy of MIT News Office)
47. Mini Cheetah | Year: 2019 – Made by: MIT | Developed at MIT, the quadruped robot can traverse terrain without having to map it in advance. The control system is split into two — one that processes real-time input from a video camera attached to the front of the robot and another system that translates the data into instructions for how the robot should move its body. (Courtesy of MIT News Office)
48. Guardian XO | Year: 2020 - Made by: Sarcos | Sarcos, the makers of Guardian XO, a full-body exoskeleton, tout it as the first battery-powered industrial robot, fusing human intelligence with machine precision. The exoskeleton is billed as a transformative way to do work by boosting the strength of its operator while reducing injuries on the job. (David Becker/Getty Images)
48. Guardian XO | Year: 2020 – Made by: Sarcos | Sarcos, the makers of Guardian XO, a full-body exoskeleton, tout it as the first battery-powered industrial robot, fusing human intelligence with machine precision. The exoskeleton is billed as a transformative way to do work by boosting the strength of its operator while reducing injuries on the job. (David Becker/Getty Images)
49. Perseverance | Year: 2020 - Made by: NASA | NASA's Perseverance rover was launched on July 30, 2020, and sent to Mars to look for signs of life on the red planet and collect samples of rocks and broken soil. The rover is 10 feet long, 9 feet wide, 7 feet tall and weighs 2,260 pounds. (NASA)
49. Perseverance | Year: 2020 – Made by: NASA | NASA’s Perseverance rover was launched on July 30, 2020, and sent to Mars to look for signs of life on the red planet and collect samples of rocks and broken soil. The rover is 10 feet long, 9 feet wide, 7 feet tall and weighs 2,260 pounds. (NASA)
50. Xenobots | Year: 2021 - Made by: Tufts University and the University of Vermont | Xenobots are small biological machines, or living robots, created from frog cells by biologists and computer scientists from Tufts University and University of Vermont. The life forms do not need muscles to move around and are able to work together and heal themselves if they are injured. (Wikimedia Commons)
50. Xenobots | Year: 2021 – Made by: Tufts University and the University of Vermont | Xenobots are small biological machines, or living robots, created from frog cells by biologists and computer scientists from Tufts University and University of Vermont. The life forms do not need muscles to move around and are able to work together and heal themselves if they are injured. (Wikimedia Commons)
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https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/15/100-years-of-robots-how-technology-and-our-lives-have-changed/feed/ 0 3600985 2021-12-15T13:55:16+00:00 2021-12-15T19:09:34+00:00
Most and least reliable car brands https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/13/most-and-least-reliable-car-brands/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/13/most-and-least-reliable-car-brands/#respond Mon, 13 Dec 2021 15:54:30 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3597621&preview_id=3597621
To identify the most and least reliable car brands, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed Consumer Reports' predicted reliability rankings. Car brands were ranked on a scale of zero, the least reliable, to 100, the most. Predicted reliability scores were based on survey responses from Consumer Reports members. Only brands with sufficient data on two or more models were considered. (Ivanko_Brnjakovic/iStock via Getty Images)
To identify the most and least reliable car brands, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed Consumer Reports’ predicted reliability rankings. Car brands were ranked on a scale of zero, the least reliable, to 100, the most. Predicted reliability scores were based on survey responses from Consumer Reports members. Only brands with sufficient data on two or more models were considered. (Ivanko_Brnjakovic/iStock via Getty Images)
28. Lincoln | Predicted reliability score: 18-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: Unchanged
28. Lincoln | Predicted reliability score: 18-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: Unchanged
27. Tesla | Predicted reliability score: 25-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: Unchanged (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
27. Tesla | Predicted reliability score: 25-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: Unchanged (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
26. Jeep | Predicted reliability score: 26-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -5 spots (Bryan Mitchell/Getty Images News via Getty Images)
26. Jeep | Predicted reliability score: 26-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -5 spots (Bryan Mitchell/Getty Images News via Getty Images)
25. Genesis | Predicted reliability score: 30-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: Not previously ranked (shaunl/iStock Unreleased via Getty Images)
25. Genesis | Predicted reliability score: 30-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: Not previously ranked (shaunl/iStock Unreleased via Getty Images)
24. Volkswagen | Predicted reliability score: 31-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +1 spot (garett_mosher/Getty Images)
24. Volkswagen | Predicted reliability score: 31-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +1 spot (garett_mosher/Getty Images)
23. Mercedes-Benz | Predicted reliability score: 34-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -2 spots (Thepalmer/Getty Images)
23. Mercedes-Benz | Predicted reliability score: 34-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -2 spots (Thepalmer/Getty Images)
22. GMC | Predicted reliability score: 37-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -5 spots (Robert Alexander/Archive Photos via Getty Images)
22. GMC | Predicted reliability score: 37-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -5 spots (Robert Alexander/Archive Photos via Getty Images)
21. Ram | Predicted reliability score: 40-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -12 spots (Scott Olson/Getty Images)
21. Ram | Predicted reliability score: 40-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -12 spots (Scott Olson/Getty Images)
20. Volvo | Predicted reliability score: 42-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)
20. Volvo | Predicted reliability score: 42-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)
19. Kia | Predicted reliability score: 43-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -3 spots (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
19. Kia | Predicted reliability score: 43-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -3 spots (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
18. Ford | Predicted reliability score: 44-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +5 spots (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
18. Ford | Predicted reliability score: 44-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +5 spots (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
17. BMW | Predicted reliability score: 45-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -4 spots (vesilvio/Getty Images)
17. BMW | Predicted reliability score: 45-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -4 spots (vesilvio/Getty Images)
16. Cadillac - Predicted reliability score: 47-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +6 spots (Stratol/Getty Images)
16. Cadillac – Predicted reliability score: 47-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +6 spots (Stratol/Getty Images)
15. Audi | Predicted reliability score: 47-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: Unchanged (shaunl/Getty Images)
15. Audi | Predicted reliability score: 47-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: Unchanged (shaunl/Getty Images)
14. Chevrolet | Predicted reliability score: 48-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +4 spots (Stratol/Getty Images)
14. Chevrolet | Predicted reliability score: 48-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +4 spots (Stratol/Getty Images)
13. Porsche | Predicted reliability score: 52-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -2 spots (andreafidone/Getty Images)
13. Porsche | Predicted reliability score: 52-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -2 spots (andreafidone/Getty Images)
12. Chrysler | Predicted reliability score: 54-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: Not previously ranked (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)
12. Chrysler | Predicted reliability score: 54-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: Not previously ranked (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)
11. Hyundai | Predicted reliability score: 56-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -4 spots (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)
11. Hyundai | Predicted reliability score: 56-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -4 spots (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)
10. Mini | Predicted reliability score: 60-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +13 spots (Heritage Images/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
10. Mini | Predicted reliability score: 60-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +13 spots (Heritage Images/Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
9. Nissan | Predicted reliability score: 63-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +4 spots (Scott Olson/Getty Images)
9. Nissan | Predicted reliability score: 63-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +4 spots (Scott Olson/Getty Images)
8. Acura | Predicted reliability score: 64-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: Not previously ranked (Wolterk/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
8. Acura | Predicted reliability score: 64-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: Not previously ranked (Wolterk/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
7. Subaru | Predicted reliability score: 66-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +1 spot (tomeng/iStock Unreleased via Getty Images)
7. Subaru | Predicted reliability score: 66-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +1 spot (tomeng/iStock Unreleased via Getty Images)
6. Honda | Predicted reliability score: 66-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (RiverNorthPhotography/Getty Images)
6. Honda | Predicted reliability score: 66-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (RiverNorthPhotography/Getty Images)
5. Buick | Predicted reliability score: 66-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (SteveLagreca/Getty Images)
5. Buick | Predicted reliability score: 66-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (SteveLagreca/Getty Images)
4. Infiniti | Predicted reliability score: 69-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +6 spots (Raymond Boyd/Michael Ochs Archives via Getty Images)
4. Infiniti | Predicted reliability score: 69-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +6 spots (Raymond Boyd/Michael Ochs Archives via Getty Images)
3. Toyota | Predicted reliability score: 71-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)
3. Toyota | Predicted reliability score: 71-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)
2. Mazda | Predicted reliability score: 75-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (Koki Nagahama/Getty Images News via Getty Images)
2. Mazda | Predicted reliability score: 75-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: -1 spot (Koki Nagahama/Getty Images News via Getty Images)
1. Lexus | Predicted reliability score: 76-out-of-100 - Change in rank from prior survey: +2 spots (kenneth-cheung/Getty Images)
1. Lexus | Predicted reliability score: 76-out-of-100 – Change in rank from prior survey: +2 spots (kenneth-cheung/Getty Images)
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The coldest town in every state https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/13/the-coldest-town-in-every-state/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/13/the-coldest-town-in-every-state/#respond Mon, 13 Dec 2021 14:18:09 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3598126&preview_id=3598126
The coldest town in every state | 24/7 Wall St. identified America's 50 coldest cities, using data compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (Casarsa/Getty Images)
The coldest town in every state | 24/7 Wall St. identified America’s 50 coldest cities, using data compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (Casarsa/Getty Images)
Alabama: Camp Hill | Avg. low temp.: 47.2  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 28.5  degrees F(January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 86.0 (formulanone/flickr)
Alabama: Camp Hill | Avg. low temp.: 47.2 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 28.5 degrees F(January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 86.0 (formulanone/flickr)
Alaska: Nuiqsut | Avg. low temp.: 6.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -23.0 degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 281.1 (Paxson Woelber/flickr)
Alaska: Nuiqsut | Avg. low temp.: 6.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -23.0 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 281.1 (Paxson Woelber/flickr)
Arizona: Bellemont | Avg. low temp.: 26.8 degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 11.3  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 238.9 (Ricraider/Wikimedia Commons)
Arizona: Bellemont | Avg. low temp.: 26.8 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 11.3 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 238.9 (Ricraider/Wikimedia Commons)
Arkansas: Lead Hill | Avg. low temp.: 44.8 degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 22.9 degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 107.5 (Courtesy of Lead Hill Chamber of Commerce via Facebook)
Arkansas: Lead Hill | Avg. low temp.: 44.8 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 22.9 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 107.5 (Courtesy of Lead Hill Chamber of Commerce via Facebook)
California: Bodie | Avg. low temp.: 20.1 degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 7.5  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 302.7 (Kenzo75/iStock via Getty Images)
California: Bodie | Avg. low temp.: 20.1 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 7.5 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 302.7 (Kenzo75/iStock via Getty Images)
Colorado: Silverton | Avg. low temp.: 16.5  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -5.9 degrees F(January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 271.7 (G. Lamar/flickr)
Colorado: Silverton | Avg. low temp.: 16.5 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -5.9 degrees F(January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 271.7 (G. Lamar/flickr)
Connecticut: Salisbury | Avg. low temp.: 36.1  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 14.2  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 156.2 (Daniel Hanscom/iStock via Getty Images)
Connecticut: Salisbury | Avg. low temp.: 36.1 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 14.2 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 156.2 (Daniel Hanscom/iStock via Getty Images)
Delaware: Newark | Avg. low temp.: 45.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 25.1  degrees F(January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 96.8 (gregobagel/iStock via Getty Images)
Delaware: Newark | Avg. low temp.: 45.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 25.1 degrees F(January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 96.8 (gregobagel/iStock via Getty Images)
Florida: Molino | Avg. low temp.: 53.1  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 36.0  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 31.1 (Georgia Guercio/Wikipedia Commons)
Florida: Molino | Avg. low temp.: 53.1 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 36.0 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 31.1 (Georgia Guercio/Wikipedia Commons)
Georgia: Bethlehem | Avg. low temp.: 43.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 25.4  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 104.1 (Marta_Kent/iStock via Getty Images)
Georgia: Bethlehem | Avg. low temp.: 43.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 25.4 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 104.1 (Marta_Kent/iStock via Getty Images)
Hawaii: Mauna Loa Observatory | Avg. low temp.: 38.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 34.3  degrees F (February) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 34.2 (sharloch/flickr)
Hawaii: Mauna Loa Observatory | Avg. low temp.: 38.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 34.3 degrees F (February) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 34.2 (sharloch/flickr)
Idaho: Stanley | Avg. low temp.: 16.4  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -3.0  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 293.5 (Ron and Patty Thomas/E+ via Getty Images)
Idaho: Stanley | Avg. low temp.: 16.4 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -3.0 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 293.5 (Ron and Patty Thomas/E+ via Getty Images)
Illinois: Mt. Carroll | Avg. low temp.: 36.8  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 10.9  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 154.7 (PeteBobb/Wikimedia Commons)
Illinois: Mt. Carroll | Avg. low temp.: 36.8 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 10.9 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 154.7 (PeteBobb/Wikimedia Commons)
Indiana: Lakeville | Avg. low temp.: 38.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 14.9  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 140.2 (Nyttend/Wikimedia Commons)
Indiana: Lakeville | Avg. low temp.: 38.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 14.9 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 140.2 (Nyttend/Wikimedia Commons)
Iowa: Northwood | Avg. low temp.: 33.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 3.8 degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 164.5 (Fernkes/Wikimedia Commons)
Iowa: Northwood | Avg. low temp.: 33.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 3.8 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 164.5 (Fernkes/Wikimedia Commons)
Kansas: Brewster | Avg. low temp.: 34.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 13.7 degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 175.0 (Richard Bauer/flickr)
Kansas: Brewster | Avg. low temp.: 34.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 13.7 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 175.0 (Richard Bauer/flickr)
Kentucky: Grayson | Avg. low temp.: 40.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 20.6  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 137.2 (ehrlif/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
Kentucky: Grayson | Avg. low temp.: 40.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 20.6 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 137.2 (ehrlif/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
Louisiana: Homer | Avg. low temp.: 50.8 degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 32.0  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 56.8 (Norm Lane/iStock via Getty Images)
Louisiana: Homer | Avg. low temp.: 50.8 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 32.0 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 56.8 (Norm Lane/iStock via Getty Images)
Maine: Allagash | Avg. low temp.: 24.9  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -6.2  degrees F (February) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 217.6 (zrfphoto/iiStock via Getty Images)
Maine: Allagash | Avg. low temp.: 24.9 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -6.2 degrees F (February) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 217.6 (zrfphoto/iiStock via Getty Images)
Maryland: McHenry | Avg. low temp.: 36.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.6  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 159.9 (zrfphoto/iStock via Getty Images)
Maryland: McHenry | Avg. low temp.: 36.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.6 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 159.9 (zrfphoto/iStock via Getty Images)
Massachusetts: Hawley | Avg. low temp.: 32.4  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 9.2  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 178.6 (Doug Kerr/flickr)
Massachusetts: Hawley | Avg. low temp.: 32.4 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 9.2 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 178.6 (Doug Kerr/flickr)
Michigan: Clarksburg | Avg. low temp.: 25.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 0.2  degrees F (February) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 219.0 (Lynn Kanieski/US Fish & Wildlife Service)
Michigan: Clarksburg | Avg. low temp.: 25.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 0.2 degrees F (February) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 219.0 (Lynn Kanieski/US Fish & Wildlife Service)
Minnesota: Embarrass | Avg. low temp.: 23.8  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -7.3  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 223.4 (McGhiever/Wikimedia Commons)
Minnesota: Embarrass | Avg. low temp.: 23.8 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -7.3 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 223.4 (McGhiever/Wikimedia Commons)
Mississippi: Iuka | Avg. low temp.: 47.1  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 27.8  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 95.2 (formulanone/flickr)
Mississippi: Iuka | Avg. low temp.: 47.1 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 27.8 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 95.2 (formulanone/flickr)
Missouri: Pollock | Avg. low temp.: 38.9  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 12.9  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 139.4 (Charvex/Wikimedia Commons)
Missouri: Pollock | Avg. low temp.: 38.9 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 12.9 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 139.4 (Charvex/Wikimedia Commons)
Montana: West Yellowstone | Avg. low temp.: 19.5  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 0.2  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 274.4 (Thomas Duesing/flickr)
Montana: West Yellowstone | Avg. low temp.: 19.5 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 0.2 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 274.4 (Thomas Duesing/flickr)
Nebraska: Harrison | Avg. low temp.: 28.9  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 7.6  degrees F (December) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 207.8 (Ammodramus/Wikimedia Commons)
Nebraska: Harrison | Avg. low temp.: 28.9 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 7.6 degrees F (December) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 207.8 (Ammodramus/Wikimedia Commons)
Nevada: Wild Horse | Avg. low temp.: 23.1  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 4.9  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 263.3 (Famartin/Wikimedia Commons)
Nevada: Wild Horse | Avg. low temp.: 23.1 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 4.9 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 263.3 (Famartin/Wikimedia Commons)
New Hampshire: Mt. Washington | Avg. low temp.: 21.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -3.2  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 233.2 (DenisTangneyJr/iStock via Getty Images)
New Hampshire: Mt. Washington | Avg. low temp.: 21.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -3.2 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 233.2 (DenisTangneyJr/iStock via Getty Images)
New Jersey: Sussex | Avg. low temp.: 38.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.7  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 145.5 (Doug Kerr/flickr)
New Jersey: Sussex | Avg. low temp.: 38.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.7 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 145.5 (Doug Kerr/flickr)
New Mexico: Red River | Avg. low temp.: 23.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 6.8  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 237.1 (J. Michael Jones/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
New Mexico: Red River | Avg. low temp.: 23.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 6.8 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 237.1 (J. Michael Jones/iStock Editorial via Getty Images)
New York: Harriettestown | Avg. low temp.: 27.6  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 2.3  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 201.2 (Mwanner/Wikimedia Commons)
New York: Harriettestown | Avg. low temp.: 27.6 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 2.3 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 201.2 (Mwanner/Wikimedia Commons)
North Carolina: Mt. Mitchell | Avg. low temp.: 34.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.7  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 135.9 (Frederik Flagstad/iStock via Getty Images)
North Carolina: Mt. Mitchell | Avg. low temp.: 34.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.7 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 135.9 (Frederik Flagstad/iStock via Getty Images)
North Dakota: Rolette | Avg. low temp.: 24.5  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -8.1  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 206.0 (Andrew Filer/flickr)
North Dakota: Rolette | Avg. low temp.: 24.5 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -8.1 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 206.0 (Andrew Filer/flickr)
Ohio: Fredericktown | Avg. low temp.: 37.4  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 15.2  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 148.0 (Nyttend/Wikimedia Commons)
Ohio: Fredericktown | Avg. low temp.: 37.4 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 15.2 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 148.0 (Nyttend/Wikimedia Commons)
Oklahoma: Kenton | Avg. low temp.: 40.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 19.3  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 139.8 (DrunkDriver/Wikimedia Commons)
Oklahoma: Kenton | Avg. low temp.: 40.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 19.3 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 139.8 (DrunkDriver/Wikimedia Commons)
Oregon: Seneca | Avg. low temp.: 24.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 11.1  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 252.3 (Tracy Robillard/NRCS Oregon)
Oregon: Seneca | Avg. low temp.: 24.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 11.1 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 252.3 (Tracy Robillard/NRCS Oregon)
Pennsylvania: Oswayo | Avg. low temp.: 32.5  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 10.9  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 175.0 (Lheimel/Wikimedia Commons)
Pennsylvania: Oswayo | Avg. low temp.: 32.5 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 10.9 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 175.0 (Lheimel/Wikimedia Commons)
Rhode Island: Kingston | Avg. low temp.: 39.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 19.3  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 134.6 (DenisTangneyJr/iStock via Getty Images)
Rhode Island: Kingston | Avg. low temp.: 39.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 19.3 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 134.6 (DenisTangneyJr/iStock via Getty Images)
South Carolina: Jocassee Reservoir | Avg. low temp.: 41.6  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 25.6  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 114.0 (Sean Pavone/iStock via Getty Images)
South Carolina: Jocassee Reservoir | Avg. low temp.: 41.6 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 25.6 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 114.0 (Sean Pavone/iStock via Getty Images)
South Dakota: Rochford | Avg. low temp.: 22.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 2.6  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 255.4 (Jeffrey Beall/Wikimedia Commons)
South Dakota: Rochford | Avg. low temp.: 22.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 2.6 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 255.4 (Jeffrey Beall/Wikimedia Commons)
Tennessee: Mt. Leconte | Avg. low temp.: 34.0  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 17.5  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 150.8 (Joel Carillet/iStock via Getty Images)
Tennessee: Mt. Leconte | Avg. low temp.: 34.0 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 17.5 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 150.8 (Joel Carillet/iStock via Getty Images)
Texas: Dalhart | Avg. low temp.: 38.2  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 18.0  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 155.1 (Billy Hathorn/Creative Commons)
Texas: Dalhart | Avg. low temp.: 38.2 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 18.0 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 155.1 (Billy Hathorn/Creative Commons)
Utah: Electric Lake | Avg. low temp.: 20.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 2.2  degrees F (December) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 260.2 (Murray Foubister/Creative Commons)
Utah: Electric Lake | Avg. low temp.: 20.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 2.2 degrees F (December) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 260.2 (Murray Foubister/Creative Commons)
Vermont: Sutton | Avg. low temp.: 26.3  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -1.3  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 208.7 (Gopats92/Creative Commons)
Vermont: Sutton | Avg. low temp.: 26.3 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -1.3 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 208.7 (Gopats92/Creative Commons)
Virginia: Mill Gap | Avg. low temp.: 35.4  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.6  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 157.8 (Famartin/Creative Commons)
Virginia: Mill Gap | Avg. low temp.: 35.4 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.6 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 157.8 (Famartin/Creative Commons)
Washington: Republic | Avg. low temp.: 30.4  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.0  degrees F(December) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 187.7 (U.S. Forest Service)
Washington: Republic | Avg. low temp.: 30.4 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 16.0 degrees F(December) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 187.7 (U.S. Forest Service)
West Virginia: Glady | Avg. low temp.: 35.1  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 15.7  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 167.9 (Generic1139/Creative Commons)
West Virginia: Glady | Avg. low temp.: 35.1 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 15.7 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 167.9 (Generic1139/Creative Commons)
Wisconsin: Foxboro | Avg. low temp.: 28.8  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 0.0  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 188.9 (Bobak Ha eri/Creative Commons)
Wisconsin: Foxboro | Avg. low temp.: 28.8 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: 0.0 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 188.9 (Bobak Ha eri/Creative Commons)
Wyoming: Daniel | Avg. low temp.: 14.7  degrees F - Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -6.6  degrees F (January) - Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 275.3 (Creative Commons)
Wyoming: Daniel | Avg. low temp.: 14.7 degrees F – Avg. low temp. during coldest month: -6.6 degrees F (January) – Avg. no. of days that reach 32 flag or below: 275.3 (Creative Commons)
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https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/12/13/the-coldest-town-in-every-state/feed/ 0 3598126 2021-12-13T14:18:09+00:00 2021-12-13T19:18:10+00:00
What America’s biggest cities have looked like since the 1920s https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/11/17/what-americas-biggest-cities-have-looked-like-since-the-1920s/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/11/17/what-americas-biggest-cities-have-looked-like-since-the-1920s/#respond Wed, 17 Nov 2021 19:00:00 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3606712&preview_id=3606712


<p>The story of the most populous cities in the United States is an evolving one that reflects economic, cultural and demographic shifts. Few nations have experienced such profound changes as the United States has in the 243 years since its founding in 1776.</p>
<p>America’s largest cities by population have changed over the decades, and 24/7 Tempo has reviewed data from the <a href=U.S. Census Bureau to identify what cities were the most populous the decade you were born.

At the time of the first census in 1790, there were 3,929,214 people living in the 13 states bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Cities on the Eastern Seaboard such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore swelled in size throughout the 19th century because of immigration from Europe. Manufacturing, transportation, and industrial centers developed around the Great Lakes region and the Midwest in the 19th century, fueling the rapid growth of Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago. The long histories of these cities help explain how many are where some of America’s oldest homes are still standing.

Post-World War II prosperity put Americans in cars, and the building of the interstate highway system in the 1950s accelerated the suburbanization of the United States. The newer cities of the West and South were defined more by the automobile than the mass transportation systems of the older, Eastern cities.

Over the last 100 years, Chicago and Philadelphia have shed and regained population to stay among the top 5 most populous cities. Detroit, which had nearly 2 million people in the 1950 census and was among the top 10 most populous American cities in the 20th century, has lost almost half of its population and is considered one America’s worst cities to live in.

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The story of the most populous cities in the United States is an evolving one that reflects economic, cultural and demographic shifts. Few nations have experienced such profound changes as the United States has in the 243 years since its founding in 1776.

America’s largest cities by population have changed over the decades, and 24/7 Tempo has reviewed data from the U.S. Census Bureau to identify what cities were the most populous the decade you were born.

At the time of the first census in 1790, there were 3,929,214 people living in the 13 states bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Cities on the Eastern Seaboard such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore swelled in size throughout the 19th century because of immigration from Europe. Manufacturing, transportation, and industrial centers developed around the Great Lakes region and the Midwest in the 19th century, fueling the rapid growth of Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago. The long histories of these cities help explain how many are where some of America’s oldest homes are still standing.

Post-World War II prosperity put Americans in cars, and the building of the interstate highway system in the 1950s accelerated the suburbanization of the United States. The newer cities of the West and South were defined more by the automobile than the mass transportation systems of the older, Eastern cities.

Over the last 100 years, Chicago and Philadelphia have shed and regained population to stay among the top 5 most populous cities. Detroit, which had nearly 2 million people in the 1950 census and was among the top 10 most populous American cities in the 20th century, has lost almost half of its population and is considered one America’s worst cities to live in.

” data-src=”/wp-content/uploads/migration/2021/11/18/NV3TQKZZ6CHWD5XBSDOFIJ27EI.jpg”>

The story of the most populous cities in the United States is an evolving one that reflects economic, cultural and demographic shifts. Few nations have experienced such profound changes as the United States has in the 243 years since its founding in 1776.

America’s largest cities by population have changed over the decades, and 24/7 Tempo has reviewed data from the U.S. Census Bureau to identify what cities were the most populous the decade you were born.

At the time of the first census in 1790, there were 3,929,214 people living in the 13 states bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Cities on the Eastern Seaboard such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore swelled in size throughout the 19th century because of immigration from Europe. Manufacturing, transportation, and industrial centers developed around the Great Lakes region and the Midwest in the 19th century, fueling the rapid growth of Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago. The long histories of these cities help explain how many are where some of America’s oldest homes are still standing.

Post-World War II prosperity put Americans in cars, and the building of the interstate highway system in the 1950s accelerated the suburbanization of the United States. The newer cities of the West and South were defined more by the automobile than the mass transportation systems of the older, Eastern cities.

Over the last 100 years, Chicago and Philadelphia have shed and regained population to stay among the top 5 most populous cities. Detroit, which had nearly 2 million people in the 1950 census and was among the top 10 most populous American cities in the 20th century, has lost almost half of its population and is considered one America’s worst cities to live in.

1920s | U.S. population: 106,021,537 - New York: 5,620,048 - Chicago: 2,701,705 - Philadelphia: 1,823,779 - Detroit: 993,078 - Cleveland: 796,841 | The rise of the automobile industry in the Detroit area fueled the growth of that city between 1910 and 1920, doubling its population in only 10 years. The 1920 census was the only census in which Cleveland made the top 5 largest cities in the U.S., and the 1920 census marked the first appearance in the top 10 for Los Angeles.
1920s | U.S. population: 106,021,537 – New York: 5,620,048 – Chicago: 2,701,705 – Philadelphia: 1,823,779 – Detroit: 993,078 – Cleveland: 796,841 | The rise of the automobile industry in the Detroit area fueled the growth of that city between 1910 and 1920, doubling its population in only 10 years. The 1920 census was the only census in which Cleveland made the top 5 largest cities in the U.S., and the 1920 census marked the first appearance in the top 10 for Los Angeles.
1930s | U.S. population: 123,202,624 - New York: 6,930,446 - Chicago: 3,376,438 - Philadelphia: 1,950,961 - Detroit: 1,568,662 - Los Angeles:1,238,048 | New York City was the largest city in the world by 1930 and would remain so for the next 50 years. Barely 60 years after the fire that devastated the city, Chicago became the second city in the U.S. to surpass 3 million people. Los Angeles, fueled by the burgeoning film industry, became the first West Coast city to make the top 5 and to surpass 1 million people.
1930s | U.S. population: 123,202,624 – New York: 6,930,446 – Chicago: 3,376,438 – Philadelphia: 1,950,961 – Detroit: 1,568,662 – Los Angeles:1,238,048 | New York City was the largest city in the world by 1930 and would remain so for the next 50 years. Barely 60 years after the fire that devastated the city, Chicago became the second city in the U.S. to surpass 3 million people. Los Angeles, fueled by the burgeoning film industry, became the first West Coast city to make the top 5 and to surpass 1 million people.
1940s | U.S. population: 132,164,569 - New York: 7,454,995 - Chicago: 3,396,808 - Philadelphia: 1,931,334 - Detroit: 1,623,452 - Cleveland: 878,336 | In Depression-era America, the populations of New York and Chicago rose, but the populations of Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis and Boston all recorded their first-ever drop in the 1940 census.
1940s | U.S. population: 132,164,569 – New York: 7,454,995 – Chicago: 3,396,808 – Philadelphia: 1,931,334 – Detroit: 1,623,452 – Cleveland: 878,336 | In Depression-era America, the populations of New York and Chicago rose, but the populations of Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis and Boston all recorded their first-ever drop in the 1940 census.
1950s | U.S. population: 151,325,798 - New York: 7,891,957 - Chicago: 3,620,962 - Philadelphia: 2,071,605 - Los Angeles: 1,970,358 - Detroit: 1,849,568 | The post-war era marked the beginning of a seismic shift in the U.S. as the nation's population began to move west. Eight U.S. cities in the top 10 peaked in population in the 1950 census. It also marked the first appearance in the top 10 for Washington, D.C. since the 1820 census, as the nation's capital grew in size and stature following the dramatic increase in government during and after World War II.
1950s | U.S. population: 151,325,798 – New York: 7,891,957 – Chicago: 3,620,962 – Philadelphia: 2,071,605 – Los Angeles: 1,970,358 – Detroit: 1,849,568 | The post-war era marked the beginning of a seismic shift in the U.S. as the nation’s population began to move west. Eight U.S. cities in the top 10 peaked in population in the 1950 census. It also marked the first appearance in the top 10 for Washington, D.C. since the 1820 census, as the nation’s capital grew in size and stature following the dramatic increase in government during and after World War II.
1960s | U.S. population: 179,323,175 - New York: 7,781,984 - Chicago: 3,550,404 - Los Angeles: 2,479,015 - Philadelphia: 2,002,512 - Detroit: 1,670,144 | The creation of the interstate highway system during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower accelerated the exodus of people out of cities and helped make suburban America. By the time of the 1960 census, New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Washington, and Baltimore all posted population declines. Houston made its first appearance in the top 10 as the economy in Texas, boosted by the oil patch, expanded. After 60 years as the nation's third-largest city, Philadelphia dropped to the fourth spot on the list behind Los Angeles.
1960s | U.S. population: 179,323,175 – New York: 7,781,984 – Chicago: 3,550,404 – Los Angeles: 2,479,015 – Philadelphia: 2,002,512 – Detroit: 1,670,144 | The creation of the interstate highway system during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower accelerated the exodus of people out of cities and helped make suburban America. By the time of the 1960 census, New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Washington, and Baltimore all posted population declines. Houston made its first appearance in the top 10 as the economy in Texas, boosted by the oil patch, expanded. After 60 years as the nation’s third-largest city, Philadelphia dropped to the fourth spot on the list behind Los Angeles.
1970s | U.S. population: 203,302,031 - New York: 7,894,862 - Chicago: 3,366,957 - Los Angeles: 2,816,061 - Philadelphia: 1,948,609 - Detroit: 1,511,482 | Riots scarred many American cities in the 1960s, including Los Angeles and Detroit, the latter of which lost population. Dallas became the second Texas city to crack the top 10 in population, following Houston. The 1970 census marked the last appearance in the top 10 for Cleveland and Washington, D.C.
1970s | U.S. population: 203,302,031 – New York: 7,894,862 – Chicago: 3,366,957 – Los Angeles: 2,816,061 – Philadelphia: 1,948,609 – Detroit: 1,511,482 | Riots scarred many American cities in the 1960s, including Los Angeles and Detroit, the latter of which lost population. Dallas became the second Texas city to crack the top 10 in population, following Houston. The 1970 census marked the last appearance in the top 10 for Cleveland and Washington, D.C.
1980s | U.S. population: 226,542,199 - New York: 7,071,639 - Chicago: 3,005,072 - Los Angeles: 2,966,850 - Philadelphia: 1,688,210 - Houston: 1,595,138 | New York City posted the largest loss of population by a city in U.S. history, shedding about 823,000 people in a 10-year span. The nation's biggest city was beset by crime, drug and financial problems, and teetered on the brink of bankruptcy in 1975. The population shift to the Sun Belt was underscored by the first appearance in the nation's 10 most populous cities by San Diego and Phoenix. The 1980 census marked the last appearance in the top 10 for Baltimore.
1980s | U.S. population: 226,542,199 – New York: 7,071,639 – Chicago: 3,005,072 – Los Angeles: 2,966,850 – Philadelphia: 1,688,210 – Houston: 1,595,138 | New York City posted the largest loss of population by a city in U.S. history, shedding about 823,000 people in a 10-year span. The nation’s biggest city was beset by crime, drug and financial problems, and teetered on the brink of bankruptcy in 1975. The population shift to the Sun Belt was underscored by the first appearance in the nation’s 10 most populous cities by San Diego and Phoenix. The 1980 census marked the last appearance in the top 10 for Baltimore.
1990s | U.S. population: 248,709,873 - New York: 7,322,564 - Los Angeles: 3,485,398 - Chicago: 2,783,726 - Houston: 1,630,553 - Philadelphia: 1,585,577 | A majority of the top 10 most populous cities were in the western portion of the Sun Belt for the first time. Los Angeles overtook Chicago to become the second-largest U.S. city. Chicago had been the second-most populous city for 100 years. Chicago's population fell in every census since 1950. Three Texas cities appeared in the top 10 at the same time for the first time -- Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio.
1990s | U.S. population: 248,709,873 – New York: 7,322,564 – Los Angeles: 3,485,398 – Chicago: 2,783,726 – Houston: 1,630,553 – Philadelphia: 1,585,577 | A majority of the top 10 most populous cities were in the western portion of the Sun Belt for the first time. Los Angeles overtook Chicago to become the second-largest U.S. city. Chicago had been the second-most populous city for 100 years. Chicago’s population fell in every census since 1950. Three Texas cities appeared in the top 10 at the same time for the first time — Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio.
2000s | U.S. population: 281,421,906 - New York: 8,008,278 - Los Angeles: 3,694,820 - Chicago: 2,896,016 - Houston: 1,953,631 - Philadelphia: 1,517,550 | A technological revolution revamped the economy, and helped boost populations in many major cities. New York City was the first city in the U.S. to top 8 million; Detroit was the first U.S. city whose population slid under 1 million, after having a population as large as 1.85 million in 1950, as the once-mighty automobile industry adjusted to the reality of competition from imports. Phoenix, Arizona, was the only state capital with more than 1 million people.
2000s | U.S. population: 281,421,906 – New York: 8,008,278 – Los Angeles: 3,694,820 – Chicago: 2,896,016 – Houston: 1,953,631 – Philadelphia: 1,517,550 | A technological revolution revamped the economy, and helped boost populations in many major cities. New York City was the first city in the U.S. to top 8 million; Detroit was the first U.S. city whose population slid under 1 million, after having a population as large as 1.85 million in 1950, as the once-mighty automobile industry adjusted to the reality of competition from imports. Phoenix, Arizona, was the only state capital with more than 1 million people.
2010s | U.S. population: 307,745,538 - New York: 8,175,133 - Los Angeles: 3,792,621 - Chicago: 2,695,598 - Houston: 2,099,451 - Philadelphia: 1,526,006 | The last census marked the first population gain for Philadelphia since 1950, buoyed by a rise in births and an increase in immigration. Seven of the country's 10 largest cities in 2010 were located in the Sun Belt region.
2010s | U.S. population: 307,745,538 – New York: 8,175,133 – Los Angeles: 3,792,621 – Chicago: 2,695,598 – Houston: 2,099,451 – Philadelphia: 1,526,006 | The last census marked the first population gain for Philadelphia since 1950, buoyed by a rise in births and an increase in immigration. Seven of the country’s 10 largest cities in 2010 were located in the Sun Belt region.
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https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/11/17/what-americas-biggest-cities-have-looked-like-since-the-1920s/feed/ 0 3606712 2021-11-17T19:00:00+00:00 2021-12-02T21:09:04+00:00
The creepiest haunted house in every state https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/10/25/the-creepiest-haunted-house-in-every-state/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/10/25/the-creepiest-haunted-house-in-every-state/#respond Mon, 25 Oct 2021 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3611871&preview_id=3611871
The creepiest haunted house in every state | 24/7 Tempo drew on information from the websites of places alleged to be haunted, paranormal resource materials and media reports to determine the creepiest haunted place in every state. We considered the number of cited haunting incidents as well as the story behind a place's spectral episodes.
The creepiest haunted house in every state | 24/7 Tempo drew on information from the websites of places alleged to be haunted, paranormal resource materials and media reports to determine the creepiest haunted place in every state. We considered the number of cited haunting incidents as well as the story behind a place’s spectral episodes.
1. Alabama: Sloss Furnaces | Town: Birmingham - Year built: 1882 | A large iron production facility in Birmingham from the 19th century has turned into the spookiest spot in Alabama. Legend has it that the foreman killed some of his employees by overworking them, so the others pushed him into the furnace.
1. Alabama: Sloss Furnaces | Town: Birmingham – Year built: 1882 | A large iron production facility in Birmingham from the 19th century has turned into the spookiest spot in Alabama. Legend has it that the foreman killed some of his employees by overworking them, so the others pushed him into the furnace.
2. Alaska: Red Onion Saloon | Town: Skagway - Year built: 1897 | A gold rush-era brothel, the Red Onion Saloon is reportedly haunted by a former prostitute named Lydia.
2. Alaska: Red Onion Saloon | Town: Skagway – Year built: 1897 | A gold rush-era brothel, the Red Onion Saloon is reportedly haunted by a former prostitute named Lydia.
3. Arizona: Copper Queen Hotel | Town: Bisbee - Year built: 1902 | The Copper Queen Hotel, believed to be Arizona's oldest continuously operating inn, reportedly has some ghostly visitors who never leave. Paying guests reported hearing voices from people who weren't there and said the hotel's electronics mysteriously malfunction at times.
3. Arizona: Copper Queen Hotel | Town: Bisbee – Year built: 1902 | The Copper Queen Hotel, believed to be Arizona’s oldest continuously operating inn, reportedly has some ghostly visitors who never leave. Paying guests reported hearing voices from people who weren’t there and said the hotel’s electronics mysteriously malfunction at times.
4. Arkansas: Curran Hall | Town: Little Rock - Year built: 1843 | Curran Hall may be haunted by Mary Elizabeth Walters, who died in childbirth before the home was completed.
4. Arkansas: Curran Hall | Town: Little Rock – Year built: 1843 | Curran Hall may be haunted by Mary Elizabeth Walters, who died in childbirth before the home was completed.
5. California: Alcatraz | Town: San Francisco - Year built: 1934 | Alcatraz operated as a federal prison from 1934 to 1963. Shortly before it was closed, guards said they heard strange noises in hallways where three prisoners were shot.
5. California: Alcatraz | Town: San Francisco – Year built: 1934 | Alcatraz operated as a federal prison from 1934 to 1963. Shortly before it was closed, guards said they heard strange noises in hallways where three prisoners were shot.
6. Colorado: The Stanley Hotel | Town: Estes Park - Year built: 1909 | The Stanley Hotel inspired Stephen King's novel
6. Colorado: The Stanley Hotel | Town: Estes Park – Year built: 1909 | The Stanley Hotel inspired Stephen King’s novel “The Shining.” The hotel’s concert hall is said to be a locus of paranormal phenomena, where lights flicker, disembodied laughter is heard and footsteps pace the floor.
7. Connecticut: Connecticut Valley Hospital Cemetery | Town: Middletown - Year built: 1878 | More than 1,600 anonymous graves lie in an area near the Connecticut Valley Hospital.
7. Connecticut: Connecticut Valley Hospital Cemetery | Town: Middletown – Year built: 1878 | More than 1,600 anonymous graves lie in an area near the Connecticut Valley Hospital.
8. Delaware: Ft. Delaware State Park | Town: Delaware City - Year built: 1859 | Fort Delaware became notorious for housing confederate prisoners of war under deplorable conditions. A female apparition was supposedly captured on film passing through a wall in the fort's kitchen.
8. Delaware: Ft. Delaware State Park | Town: Delaware City – Year built: 1859 | Fort Delaware became notorious for housing confederate prisoners of war under deplorable conditions. A female apparition was supposedly captured on film passing through a wall in the fort’s kitchen.
9. Florida: The Cuban Club | Town: Tampa - Year built: 1917 | Located in Tampa's historic Ybor City neighborhood, the Cuban Club has reportedly been the scene of quite a few deaths, and some people claim the spirits of the deceased never left. An actor is said to have killed himself onstage, and ghost hunters have tried to make contact with the spirit of an 8-year-old boy who drowned in a pool where the cantina now sits.
9. Florida: The Cuban Club | Town: Tampa – Year built: 1917 | Located in Tampa’s historic Ybor City neighborhood, the Cuban Club has reportedly been the scene of quite a few deaths, and some people claim the spirits of the deceased never left. An actor is said to have killed himself onstage, and ghost hunters have tried to make contact with the spirit of an 8-year-old boy who drowned in a pool where the cantina now sits.
10. Georgia: Moon River Brewing | Town: Savannah - Year built: 1821 | Today's Moon River Brewing Co. formerly housed a hotel, where a spirit named Toby has been said to hang around a billiards table spoiling for a fight.
10. Georgia: Moon River Brewing | Town: Savannah – Year built: 1821 | Today’s Moon River Brewing Co. formerly housed a hotel, where a spirit named Toby has been said to hang around a billiards table spoiling for a fight.
11. Hawaii: Plantation Village | Town: Waipahu - Year built: 1918 | Hawaii's Plantation Village, the site of a former sugar cane plantation, had numerous reports of the ghost of a young girl abandoned by her mother. The girl died in a fire after her father didn't try to rescue her, according to popular lore.
11. Hawaii: Plantation Village | Town: Waipahu – Year built: 1918 | Hawaii’s Plantation Village, the site of a former sugar cane plantation, had numerous reports of the ghost of a young girl abandoned by her mother. The girl died in a fire after her father didn’t try to rescue her, according to popular lore.
12. Idaho: Shoshone Ice Caves | Town: Lincoln County - Year built: N/A | Visitors and those who work at the Shoshone Ice Caves say they have heard footsteps and voices there.
12. Idaho: Shoshone Ice Caves | Town: Lincoln County – Year built: N/A | Visitors and those who work at the Shoshone Ice Caves say they have heard footsteps and voices there.
13. Illinois: Ashmore Estates | Town: Ashmore - Year built: 1857 | Once known as the Coles County Poor Farm, the Ashmore Estates later served as a psychiatric hospital. The Ashmore Estates is now open to visitors interested in exploring paranormal phenomena.
13. Illinois: Ashmore Estates | Town: Ashmore – Year built: 1857 | Once known as the Coles County Poor Farm, the Ashmore Estates later served as a psychiatric hospital. The Ashmore Estates is now open to visitors interested in exploring paranormal phenomena.
14. Indiana: Willard Library | Town: Evansville - Year built: 1885 | Since the 1930s, people have reported seeing a specter known as the
14. Indiana: Willard Library | Town: Evansville – Year built: 1885 | Since the 1930s, people have reported seeing a specter known as the “Grey Lady,” who supposedly has been spotted in the library’s basement.
15. Iowa: Villisca Axe Murder House | Town: Villisca - Year built: 1868 | As its name suggests, the Villisca Axe Murder House had some grisly events take place within its walls. Eight people were murdered in the home in 1912. For the daring, overnight stays are available.
15. Iowa: Villisca Axe Murder House | Town: Villisca – Year built: 1868 | As its name suggests, the Villisca Axe Murder House had some grisly events take place within its walls. Eight people were murdered in the home in 1912. For the daring, overnight stays are available.
16. Kansas: Hollenberg Pony Express Station | Town: Hanover - Year built: 1860 | The Hollenberg Pony Express Station in Hanover is now a museum that details the travails of the riders who traveled the often-dangerous route. Visitors at the museum have reported hearing thundering hooves and viewing an apparition suffering from arrow wounds.
16. Kansas: Hollenberg Pony Express Station | Town: Hanover – Year built: 1860 | The Hollenberg Pony Express Station in Hanover is now a museum that details the travails of the riders who traveled the often-dangerous route. Visitors at the museum have reported hearing thundering hooves and viewing an apparition suffering from arrow wounds.
17. Kentucky: Belle of Louisville | Town: Louisville - Year built: 1914 | In the engine room of the steamboat Belle of Louisville (still transporting passengers after 104 years of service), people have reported hearing someone whistling, perhaps the spirit of Floyd, a deckhand who was crushed to death by the boat's paddle wheel.
17. Kentucky: Belle of Louisville | Town: Louisville – Year built: 1914 | In the engine room of the steamboat Belle of Louisville (still transporting passengers after 104 years of service), people have reported hearing someone whistling, perhaps the spirit of Floyd, a deckhand who was crushed to death by the boat’s paddle wheel.
18. Louisiana: The Sultan's Palace | Town: New Orleans - Year built: 1839 | According to a legend with many versions, the mansion was inhabited by the brother of a Turkish sultan, who filled his home with a harem and drugs – until the day the home's residents were all found butchered. The brother was found buried alive with one hand sticking out of the ground.
18. Louisiana: The Sultan’s Palace | Town: New Orleans – Year built: 1839 | According to a legend with many versions, the mansion was inhabited by the brother of a Turkish sultan, who filled his home with a harem and drugs – until the day the home’s residents were all found butchered. The brother was found buried alive with one hand sticking out of the ground.
19. Maine: Wood Island Lighthouse | Town: Saco Bay - Year built: 1839 | The lighthouse's tragic history dates from 1896, when a squatter shot and killed a man, then took his own life at the site.
19. Maine: Wood Island Lighthouse | Town: Saco Bay – Year built: 1839 | The lighthouse’s tragic history dates from 1896, when a squatter shot and killed a man, then took his own life at the site.
20. Maryland: Samuel Mudd House | Town: Waldorf - Year built: 1859 | Mysterious phenomena have been reported at the home of Samuel Mudd, the doctor who set the broken leg of John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President Abraham Lincoln. Over the years, people have claimed to have heard unexplained voices, and to have witnessed, during a Civil War reenactment, electric candles going on and off in the house.
20. Maryland: Samuel Mudd House | Town: Waldorf – Year built: 1859 | Mysterious phenomena have been reported at the home of Samuel Mudd, the doctor who set the broken leg of John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President Abraham Lincoln. Over the years, people have claimed to have heard unexplained voices, and to have witnessed, during a Civil War reenactment, electric candles going on and off in the house.
21. Massachusetts: Lizzie Borden House | Town: Fall River - Year built: 1889 | Visitors to the Borden residence have claimed to have seen objects moved from room to room by unseen entities. Mrs. Borden's spirit reportedly likes to tear the covers off of people while they sleep.
21. Massachusetts: Lizzie Borden House | Town: Fall River – Year built: 1889 | Visitors to the Borden residence have claimed to have seen objects moved from room to room by unseen entities. Mrs. Borden’s spirit reportedly likes to tear the covers off of people while they sleep.
22. Michigan: David Whitney House | Town: Detroit - Year built: 1894 | David Whitney Jr. made a fortune in the lumber industry and used some of his wealth to build an opulent mansion in Detroit in 1894. He died in the mansion just six years later. Reports have alleged that his ghost still haunts the mansion.
22. Michigan: David Whitney House | Town: Detroit – Year built: 1894 | David Whitney Jr. made a fortune in the lumber industry and used some of his wealth to build an opulent mansion in Detroit in 1894. He died in the mansion just six years later. Reports have alleged that his ghost still haunts the mansion.
23. Minnesota: Grey Cloud Island | Town: Grey Cloud Island - Year built: N/A | Grey Cloud Island is said to house one of the largest Native American burial grounds in the nation. Visitors claimed to have seen a spectral motorcyclist and a young woman weeping for her dead child.
23. Minnesota: Grey Cloud Island | Town: Grey Cloud Island – Year built: N/A | Grey Cloud Island is said to house one of the largest Native American burial grounds in the nation. Visitors claimed to have seen a spectral motorcyclist and a young woman weeping for her dead child.
24. Mississippi: McRaven House | Town: Vicksburg - Year built: 1797 | Many people perished inside Mississippi's McRaven House, according to reports. These days, the residence draws visitors curious to see if it lives up to its reputation as a paranormal nerve center.
24. Mississippi: McRaven House | Town: Vicksburg – Year built: 1797 | Many people perished inside Mississippi’s McRaven House, according to reports. These days, the residence draws visitors curious to see if it lives up to its reputation as a paranormal nerve center.
25. Missouri: The Lemp Mansion | Town: St. Louis - Year built: 1868 | The Lemps were German immigrants who built a prosperous beer business in St. Louis. Prohibition eroded the fortunes of the family, and more than one member took his own life. Reports have alleged that candles have been mysteriously lit, glasses moved, objects shifted from room to room, and people claim to hear the hoofbeats of horses.
25. Missouri: The Lemp Mansion | Town: St. Louis – Year built: 1868 | The Lemps were German immigrants who built a prosperous beer business in St. Louis. Prohibition eroded the fortunes of the family, and more than one member took his own life. Reports have alleged that candles have been mysteriously lit, glasses moved, objects shifted from room to room, and people claim to hear the hoofbeats of horses.
26. Montana: St. Charles Hall, Carroll College | Town: Helena - Year built: 1909 | Carroll College's St. Charles Hall gets its haunted reputation from a tragic and true story. In 1964, a student fell in its bathroom, hit his head on the sink, and later died. Afterward other students reported strange occurrences from the bathroom, including ghostly apparitions of a man in the mirror and blood flowing out of the sink.
26. Montana: St. Charles Hall, Carroll College | Town: Helena – Year built: 1909 | Carroll College’s St. Charles Hall gets its haunted reputation from a tragic and true story. In 1964, a student fell in its bathroom, hit his head on the sink, and later died. Afterward other students reported strange occurrences from the bathroom, including ghostly apparitions of a man in the mirror and blood flowing out of the sink.
27. Nebraska: Haunted Hills of the Seven Sisters | Town: Otoe County - Year built: N/A | A stretch along Seven Sisters Road in Nebraska's Otoe County is reputed to be the site of multiple late-19th century murders. According to local legend, a man lured each of his seven sisters to a different hill and hanged them. When motorists drive on the part of road near the murder sites, they claim their cars inexplicably stall, their headlights suddenly dim, and blood-curdling screams interrupt the night.
27. Nebraska: Haunted Hills of the Seven Sisters | Town: Otoe County – Year built: N/A | A stretch along Seven Sisters Road in Nebraska’s Otoe County is reputed to be the site of multiple late-19th century murders. According to local legend, a man lured each of his seven sisters to a different hill and hanged them. When motorists drive on the part of road near the murder sites, they claim their cars inexplicably stall, their headlights suddenly dim, and blood-curdling screams interrupt the night.
28. Nevada: Governor's Mansion | Town: Carson City - Year built: 1909 | Some people have reported seeing a ghostly woman and a young girl roaming the Nevada governor's mansion, accompanied by chilly temperatures.
28. Nevada: Governor’s Mansion | Town: Carson City – Year built: 1909 | Some people have reported seeing a ghostly woman and a young girl roaming the Nevada governor’s mansion, accompanied by chilly temperatures.
29. New Hampshire: Amos Blake House | Town: Fitzwilliam - Year built: 1837 | Terri Harlow, curator of the Amos Blake House, has claimed 11 ghosts have been detected at the residence, which is named after a prominent attorney and state legislator.
29. New Hampshire: Amos Blake House | Town: Fitzwilliam – Year built: 1837 | Terri Harlow, curator of the Amos Blake House, has claimed 11 ghosts have been detected at the residence, which is named after a prominent attorney and state legislator.
30. New Jersey: Essex County Sanitorium | Town: Cedar Grove - Year built: 1902 | Shuttered medical facility Essex County Sanatorium in Cedar Grove originally served as a reformatory and orphanage for children. People who have been allowed on the grounds have reported hearing footsteps racing down hallways, seeing wheelchairs moving on their own, and glimpsing ghostlike faces in windows.
30. New Jersey: Essex County Sanitorium | Town: Cedar Grove – Year built: 1902 | Shuttered medical facility Essex County Sanatorium in Cedar Grove originally served as a reformatory and orphanage for children. People who have been allowed on the grounds have reported hearing footsteps racing down hallways, seeing wheelchairs moving on their own, and glimpsing ghostlike faces in windows.
31. New Mexico: La Fonda Hotel | Town: Santa Fe - Year built: 1922 | Several guests who met tragic fates are said to still linger in New Mexico's La Fonda Hotel. After a judge was shot and killed in the lobby, a robed figure is sometimes seen roaming the halls. The wedding suite is also said to be haunted by a bride who was killed on her wedding night by a jealous ex.
31. New Mexico: La Fonda Hotel | Town: Santa Fe – Year built: 1922 | Several guests who met tragic fates are said to still linger in New Mexico’s La Fonda Hotel. After a judge was shot and killed in the lobby, a robed figure is sometimes seen roaming the halls. The wedding suite is also said to be haunted by a bride who was killed on her wedding night by a jealous ex.
32. New York: Culinary Institute of America | Town: Hyde Park - Year built: 1903 | Before the Culinary Institute of America moved to its Hyde Park location in 1972, the main building on the property housed a Jesuit novitiate, a place to train young priests, for more than 60 years. Today, some people claim the spot is haunted by a priest named Father Murphy.
32. New York: Culinary Institute of America | Town: Hyde Park – Year built: 1903 | Before the Culinary Institute of America moved to its Hyde Park location in 1972, the main building on the property housed a Jesuit novitiate, a place to train young priests, for more than 60 years. Today, some people claim the spot is haunted by a priest named Father Murphy.
33. North Carolina: Brown Mountain | Town: Brown Mountain - Year built: N/A | Tourists flock to North Carolina's Brown Mountain to witness the Brown Mountain Lights, a phenomenon of circular lights moving across the sky and flickering. The lights may be a natural occurrence, but others believe they are the souls of Native American women searching for their husbands who died in battle.
33. North Carolina: Brown Mountain | Town: Brown Mountain – Year built: N/A | Tourists flock to North Carolina’s Brown Mountain to witness the Brown Mountain Lights, a phenomenon of circular lights moving across the sky and flickering. The lights may be a natural occurrence, but others believe they are the souls of Native American women searching for their husbands who died in battle.
34. North Dakota: Fort Abraham Lincoln Custer House | Town: Mandan - Year built: 1874 | Fort Abraham once served as the home of Gen. George Custer and his wife, Libbie. Custer and his men were killed in his famously ill-advised attack on a Native American encampment, and according to one legend, Libbie Custer still haunts their home awaiting her husband's return.
34. North Dakota: Fort Abraham Lincoln Custer House | Town: Mandan – Year built: 1874 | Fort Abraham once served as the home of Gen. George Custer and his wife, Libbie. Custer and his men were killed in his famously ill-advised attack on a Native American encampment, and according to one legend, Libbie Custer still haunts their home awaiting her husband’s return.
35. Ohio: The Ridges/Athens Lunatic Asylum | Town: Athens - Year built: 1874 | In the 19th century, women considered insane were placed at the Athens Lunatic Asylum. Many underwent electric shock treatment or lobotomies. One woman who tried to avoid these treatments, Margaret Schilling, hid in the asylum's attic and starved to death there. A persistent belief is that the stain left from her decomposed corpse cannot be removed, and her spirit haunts the asylum.
35. Ohio: The Ridges/Athens Lunatic Asylum | Town: Athens – Year built: 1874 | In the 19th century, women considered insane were placed at the Athens Lunatic Asylum. Many underwent electric shock treatment or lobotomies. One woman who tried to avoid these treatments, Margaret Schilling, hid in the asylum’s attic and starved to death there. A persistent belief is that the stain left from her decomposed corpse cannot be removed, and her spirit haunts the asylum.
36. Oklahoma: Skirvin Hilton Hotel | Town: Oklahoma City - Year built: 1911 | The Skirvin Hilton Hotel is frequently described as one of the nicer hotels in Oklahoma City, but some wealthy travelers have refused to stay there. Members of the Los Angeles Lakers and other teams said they were accosted by ghosts.
36. Oklahoma: Skirvin Hilton Hotel | Town: Oklahoma City – Year built: 1911 | The Skirvin Hilton Hotel is frequently described as one of the nicer hotels in Oklahoma City, but some wealthy travelers have refused to stay there. Members of the Los Angeles Lakers and other teams said they were accosted by ghosts.
37. Oregon: Hot Lake Hotel | Town: La Grande - Year built: 1903 | Oregon's Hot Lake Hotel has gone through several uses since it was built, including an insane asylum called the Hot Lake Sanatorium. There are rumors that some former patients and guests haunt the hotel and the nearby hot springs.
37. Oregon: Hot Lake Hotel | Town: La Grande – Year built: 1903 | Oregon’s Hot Lake Hotel has gone through several uses since it was built, including an insane asylum called the Hot Lake Sanatorium. There are rumors that some former patients and guests haunt the hotel and the nearby hot springs.
38. Pennsylvania: Eastern State Penitentiary | Town: Philadelphia - Year built: 1829 | The Eastern State Penitentiary opened in 1829, and prisoners there endured a brutal existence. Inmates did all their activities alone, and those leaving a cell had a hood put over their head so they couldn't see or be seen by anyone. Reports of paranormal activity have cited laughter, shadowy figures and unaccounted for footsteps.
38. Pennsylvania: Eastern State Penitentiary | Town: Philadelphia – Year built: 1829 | The Eastern State Penitentiary opened in 1829, and prisoners there endured a brutal existence. Inmates did all their activities alone, and those leaving a cell had a hood put over their head so they couldn’t see or be seen by anyone. Reports of paranormal activity have cited laughter, shadowy figures and unaccounted for footsteps.
39. Rhode Island: Belcourt Castle | Town: Newport - Year built: 1894 | Oliver Belmont commissioned the construction of Belcourt Castle as his dream home, but if the rumors are true, it may be more of a nightmare. Over the years, there have been reports of moving suits of armor and chairs that spark when touched.
39. Rhode Island: Belcourt Castle | Town: Newport – Year built: 1894 | Oliver Belmont commissioned the construction of Belcourt Castle as his dream home, but if the rumors are true, it may be more of a nightmare. Over the years, there have been reports of moving suits of armor and chairs that spark when touched.
40. South Carolina: Magnolia Plantation | Town: Charleston County - Year built: 1676 | One of the oldest allegedly haunted places on this list, the Magnolia Plantation has been in the Drayton family since the late 17th century.
40. South Carolina: Magnolia Plantation | Town: Charleston County – Year built: 1676 | One of the oldest allegedly haunted places on this list, the Magnolia Plantation has been in the Drayton family since the late 17th century.
41. South Dakota: Hotel Alex Johnson | Town: Rapid City - Year built: 1928 | At the Hotel Alex Johnson in South Dakota, guests claimed to have seen a
41. South Dakota: Hotel Alex Johnson | Town: Rapid City – Year built: 1928 | At the Hotel Alex Johnson in South Dakota, guests claimed to have seen a “lady in white,” the spirit of first owner Alex Johnson, and the ghost of a young girl.
42. Tennessee: Woodruff-Fontaine House | Town: Memphis - Year built: 1870 | The Woodruff-Fontaine House has been thoroughly probed by paranormal investigators. Legend has it that a former owner, Mollie, is haunting the home after the death of her newborn son, which was followed by the demise of her husband.
42. Tennessee: Woodruff-Fontaine House | Town: Memphis – Year built: 1870 | The Woodruff-Fontaine House has been thoroughly probed by paranormal investigators. Legend has it that a former owner, Mollie, is haunting the home after the death of her newborn son, which was followed by the demise of her husband.
43. Texas: USS Lexington | Town: Corpus Christi - Year built: 1943 | Once an aircraft carrier that served in World War II, the USS Lexington, nicknamed the
43. Texas: USS Lexington | Town: Corpus Christi – Year built: 1943 | Once an aircraft carrier that served in World War II, the USS Lexington, nicknamed the “Blue Ghost,” now figures prominently in Corpus Christi lore.
44. Utah: Ben Lomond Hotel | Town: Ogden - Year built: 1927 | The Ben Lomond Hotel is allegedly haunted by a mother and her son. The story often told is that a woman drowned in a bathtub while staying at the hotel, and after her son arrived to pick up her belongings, he became distraught and killed himself.
44. Utah: Ben Lomond Hotel | Town: Ogden – Year built: 1927 | The Ben Lomond Hotel is allegedly haunted by a mother and her son. The story often told is that a woman drowned in a bathtub while staying at the hotel, and after her son arrived to pick up her belongings, he became distraught and killed himself.
45. Vermont: Emily's Bridge | Town: Stowe - Year built: 1844 | A narrow, one-lane covered bridge in Vermont is reputed to be haunted after a teenage girl supposedly killed herself there.
45. Vermont: Emily’s Bridge | Town: Stowe – Year built: 1844 | A narrow, one-lane covered bridge in Vermont is reputed to be haunted after a teenage girl supposedly killed herself there.
46. Virginia: Captain Timothy Hill House | Town: Chincoteague Island - Year built: c. 1800 | Tom Freeman wanted to marry Jennie Hill, but her father, a sailor named Timothy Hill, wouldn't allow it. Distraught, Tom killed Jennie and himself. According to legend, Jennie's spirit still resides in the house.
46. Virginia: Captain Timothy Hill House | Town: Chincoteague Island – Year built: c. 1800 | Tom Freeman wanted to marry Jennie Hill, but her father, a sailor named Timothy Hill, wouldn’t allow it. Distraught, Tom killed Jennie and himself. According to legend, Jennie’s spirit still resides in the house.
47. Washington: Seattle's underground tunnels | Town: Seattle - Year built: Late 1800s | The city council of Seattle took precautions before reconstructing one of its oldest neighborhoods, Pioneer Square, following an 1889 fire, which led to the creation of tunnels in this part of the city. Some of the ghost tales emerging from the tunnels include one about a bank teller named Edward who was killed on the job and a woman who was slain behind a bank.
47. Washington: Seattle’s underground tunnels | Town: Seattle – Year built: Late 1800s | The city council of Seattle took precautions before reconstructing one of its oldest neighborhoods, Pioneer Square, following an 1889 fire, which led to the creation of tunnels in this part of the city. Some of the ghost tales emerging from the tunnels include one about a bank teller named Edward who was killed on the job and a woman who was slain behind a bank.
48. West Virginia: Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum | Town: Weston - Year built: 1864 | The Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum, later renamed the Weston State Hospital, closed in 1994. The building is now open for ghost tours, and some visitors have reported seeing apparitions and hearing screams.
48. West Virginia: Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum | Town: Weston – Year built: 1864 | The Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum, later renamed the Weston State Hospital, closed in 1994. The building is now open for ghost tours, and some visitors have reported seeing apparitions and hearing screams.
49. Wisconsin: The Pfister Hotel | Town: Milwaukee - Year built: 1893 | The Pfister Hotel often hosts baseball teams who are in town to face the Milwaukee Brewers. Many of these players leave town with strange ghost stories. Players like Bryce Harper and Brandon Phillips said they had clothes moved around their rooms and their electronics turned on by themselves.
49. Wisconsin: The Pfister Hotel | Town: Milwaukee – Year built: 1893 | The Pfister Hotel often hosts baseball teams who are in town to face the Milwaukee Brewers. Many of these players leave town with strange ghost stories. Players like Bryce Harper and Brandon Phillips said they had clothes moved around their rooms and their electronics turned on by themselves.
50. Wyoming: Heart Mountain Relocation Center | Town: Powell - Year built: 1942 | The Heart Mountain Relocation Center was built to house Japanese-Americans who were forcibly removed from their homes during World War II. Among the spirits allegedly inhabiting the facility is a friendly ghost who appears during the day and guides visitors around the center.
50. Wyoming: Heart Mountain Relocation Center | Town: Powell – Year built: 1942 | The Heart Mountain Relocation Center was built to house Japanese-Americans who were forcibly removed from their homes during World War II. Among the spirits allegedly inhabiting the facility is a friendly ghost who appears during the day and guides visitors around the center.
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What the world was like a million years ago https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/09/23/what-the-world-was-like-a-million-years-ago/ https://www.baltimoresun.com/2021/09/23/what-the-world-was-like-a-million-years-ago/#respond Thu, 23 Sep 2021 19:00:00 +0000 https://www.baltimoresun.com?p=3613953&preview_id=3613953
What the world was like a million years ago | To get a picture of what the world was like a million years ago, 24/7 Tempo reviewed materials and information from sources such as Live Science, the British Geological Survey and NASA.
What the world was like a million years ago | To get a picture of what the world was like a million years ago, 24/7 Tempo reviewed materials and information from sources such as Live Science, the British Geological Survey and NASA.
Earth was colder | In geologic terms, a million years ago was the Pleistocene age (2.5 million years BC to 11,711 years BC), and Earth was five to 10 degrees colder than it is today. Prolonged glaciation periods occurred during this time.
Earth was colder | In geologic terms, a million years ago was the Pleistocene age (2.5 million years BC to 11,711 years BC), and Earth was five to 10 degrees colder than it is today. Prolonged glaciation periods occurred during this time.
Lower sea levels | Sea levels were much lower. Geologists estimate that the difference in sea levels between glacial epochs was as much as 400 feet.
Lower sea levels | Sea levels were much lower. Geologists estimate that the difference in sea levels between glacial epochs was as much as 400 feet.
Bering Strait land bridge | Because of lowered sea levels, the narrow Bering Strait of today might have had a land bridge, allowing migration from Asia to North America.
Bering Strait land bridge | Because of lowered sea levels, the narrow Bering Strait of today might have had a land bridge, allowing migration from Asia to North America.
The British Isles were connected to Europe | There was once a land bridge between Britain and continental Europe before rising seas submerged it.
The British Isles were connected to Europe | There was once a land bridge between Britain and continental Europe before rising seas submerged it.
No Baltic Sea | There was no Baltic Sea a million years ago. The Baltic Sea is the youngest sea in the world, appearing between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago as ice sheets retreated.
No Baltic Sea | There was no Baltic Sea a million years ago. The Baltic Sea is the youngest sea in the world, appearing between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago as ice sheets retreated.
Grand Canyon eruptions | Between 1.25 million BC and 250,000 BC, scientists believe there were 13 major volcanic eruption periods in the Grand Canyon.
Grand Canyon eruptions | Between 1.25 million BC and 250,000 BC, scientists believe there were 13 major volcanic eruption periods in the Grand Canyon.
Dust storms | Because the water levels were lower due to the Ice Age, the continents experienced dust storms.
Dust storms | Because the water levels were lower due to the Ice Age, the continents experienced dust storms.
No Great Lakes | The five Great Lakes — Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Erie — form the largest interconnected body of fresh water on Earth, but they didn't exist a million years ago because of the ice sheet that covered much of Canada and the northern United States.
No Great Lakes | The five Great Lakes — Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Erie — form the largest interconnected body of fresh water on Earth, but they didn’t exist a million years ago because of the ice sheet that covered much of Canada and the northern United States.
Prehistoric lakes | One million years ago, there were large freshwater lakes in what is now the western United States — Bear Lake on the Utah-Idaho border; Utah Lake near what is now Provo, Utah; and Lake Bonneville, which eventually formed the Great Salt Lake, the biggest inland body of salt water in the Western Hemisphere.
Prehistoric lakes | One million years ago, there were large freshwater lakes in what is now the western United States — Bear Lake on the Utah-Idaho border; Utah Lake near what is now Provo, Utah; and Lake Bonneville, which eventually formed the Great Salt Lake, the biggest inland body of salt water in the Western Hemisphere.
Florida's size fluctuated | Throughout most of its history, Florida has been underwater. However, during periods of glaciation, the peninsula would have expanded. When the sea level was at its lowest, Florida's western coastline was probably 100 miles farther out than where it is today.
Florida’s size fluctuated | Throughout most of its history, Florida has been underwater. However, during periods of glaciation, the peninsula would have expanded. When the sea level was at its lowest, Florida’s western coastline was probably 100 miles farther out than where it is today.
Japan connected to mainland | Japan was once attached by land bridges to the Korean peninsula on the Asian mainland to the Korean peninsula.
Japan connected to mainland | Japan was once attached by land bridges to the Korean peninsula on the Asian mainland to the Korean peninsula.
Lake Malawi formed | Lake Malawi — which extends into parts of Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania — is one of the world's oldest lakes, and with a surface area of 11,400 square miles, also one of the largest.
Lake Malawi formed | Lake Malawi — which extends into parts of Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania — is one of the world’s oldest lakes, and with a surface area of 11,400 square miles, also one of the largest.
Tasmania and New Guinea were connected to Australia | Tasmania and New Guinea were linked with Australia because of lower sea levels from glaciation.
Tasmania and New Guinea were connected to Australia | Tasmania and New Guinea were linked with Australia because of lower sea levels from glaciation.
Homo ancestor | By a million years ago, early hominids — our human ancestors — were walking upright and making tools.
Homo ancestor | By a million years ago, early hominids — our human ancestors — were walking upright and making tools.
Gigantopithecus was the largest primate ever | Our ancestors had to share the earth with the biggest primate to ever trod the planet — Gigantopithecus, who was ten feet tall and tipped the scale at 1,100 pounds. Gigantopithecus died out 100,000 years ago.
Gigantopithecus was the largest primate ever | Our ancestors had to share the earth with the biggest primate to ever trod the planet — Gigantopithecus, who was ten feet tall and tipped the scale at 1,100 pounds. Gigantopithecus died out 100,000 years ago.
20-foot-long sloths | Ground sloths that were as big as rhinos and elephants lived in North and South America. Some were as long as 20 feet and weighed up to four tons.
20-foot-long sloths | Ground sloths that were as big as rhinos and elephants lived in North and South America. Some were as long as 20 feet and weighed up to four tons.
Quinkana, a 23-foot-long crocodile in Australia | Quinkana, the predecessor of the crocodile that lives in Australia today, could grow to 23 feet long. Fossil records indicate it disappeared about 40,000 years ago, around the time the first humans arrived in Australia.
Quinkana, a 23-foot-long crocodile in Australia | Quinkana, the predecessor of the crocodile that lives in Australia today, could grow to 23 feet long. Fossil records indicate it disappeared about 40,000 years ago, around the time the first humans arrived in Australia.
Megalania, 23-foot-long venomous lizards in Australia | Megalania were venomous lizards that inhabited Australia a million years ago. Estimates place them at between 11 feet and 23 feet long.
Megalania, 23-foot-long venomous lizards in Australia | Megalania were venomous lizards that inhabited Australia a million years ago. Estimates place them at between 11 feet and 23 feet long.
Giant marsupials in Australia | Giant marsupials stalked the Australian landscape from the late Oligocene (23 million to 33.9 years ago) to the Late Pleistocene period (which ended about 11,700 years ago). These beasts had tapir-like heads and claws and weighed as much as 2,200 pounds.
Giant marsupials in Australia | Giant marsupials stalked the Australian landscape from the late Oligocene (23 million to 33.9 years ago) to the Late Pleistocene period (which ended about 11,700 years ago). These beasts had tapir-like heads and claws and weighed as much as 2,200 pounds.
Large, armadillo-like animals in North America | The glyptodon was an armored, one-ton creature that was a larger version of today's armadillo. An herbivore, it thrived in what is now coastal Texas and Florida before it became extinct about 8,000 years ago.
Large, armadillo-like animals in North America | The glyptodon was an armored, one-ton creature that was a larger version of today’s armadillo. An herbivore, it thrived in what is now coastal Texas and Florida before it became extinct about 8,000 years ago.
Horses in North America | History tells us the first European settlers brought horses to the Americas. However, ancient wild horses had been in North America long before that, living here from roughly 50 million to 11,000 years ago. They became extinct at the end of the last Ice Age.
Horses in North America | History tells us the first European settlers brought horses to the Americas. However, ancient wild horses had been in North America long before that, living here from roughly 50 million to 11,000 years ago. They became extinct at the end of the last Ice Age.
Aurochs, ancient cattle | Aurochs, ancestors of the modern cattle, roamed the Middle East and Europe. These animals could grow up to six feet tall at the shoulder and weighed as much as 6,000 pounds. The last of them survived into the 1600s.
Aurochs, ancient cattle | Aurochs, ancestors of the modern cattle, roamed the Middle East and Europe. These animals could grow up to six feet tall at the shoulder and weighed as much as 6,000 pounds. The last of them survived into the 1600s.
Mastodons | Mastodons came to North America about 15 million years ago over the Bering Strait land bridge. They ranged from what is now Alaska down to today's Honduras.
Mastodons | Mastodons came to North America about 15 million years ago over the Bering Strait land bridge. They ranged from what is now Alaska down to today’s Honduras.
Straight-tusked elephants in Europe | Straight-tusked elephants inhabited earth's landscape from Asia to what is now Great Britain. They were up to 13 feet tall and weighed as many as 13 tons.
Straight-tusked elephants in Europe | Straight-tusked elephants inhabited earth’s landscape from Asia to what is now Great Britain. They were up to 13 feet tall and weighed as many as 13 tons.
Woolly mammoths | Mammoths crossed the land bridge to North America between 1.7 million and 1.2 million years ago.
Woolly mammoths | Mammoths crossed the land bridge to North America between 1.7 million and 1.2 million years ago.
Sivatherium, giraffe predecessor in Africa | Sivatherium is an extinct member of the giraffidae family with small, bumped horns that lived between five million and 10,000 years ago. The animal, related to today's giraffe, was an herbivore that was 13 feet long and weighed about one ton.
Sivatherium, giraffe predecessor in Africa | Sivatherium is an extinct member of the giraffidae family with small, bumped horns that lived between five million and 10,000 years ago. The animal, related to today’s giraffe, was an herbivore that was 13 feet long and weighed about one ton.
Woolly rhinoceros in what is now Great Britain | The woolly rhinoceros, which were heavily muscled carnivores, could be found in what is now Great Britain. Fossil evidence suggests human ancestors hunted them.
Woolly rhinoceros in what is now Great Britain | The woolly rhinoceros, which were heavily muscled carnivores, could be found in what is now Great Britain. Fossil evidence suggests human ancestors hunted them.
Megantereon, saber-toothed cat in Africa | The megantereon, a sabre-toothed cat, was about four feet long and lived in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America. It disappeared about 500,000 years ago.
Megantereon, saber-toothed cat in Africa | The megantereon, a sabre-toothed cat, was about four feet long and lived in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America. It disappeared about 500,000 years ago.
Wolf-like dog roamed South Africa | An ancestral version of the wild dog prowled ancient South Africa. The oldest fossil remains of this animal are about a million years old.
Wolf-like dog roamed South Africa | An ancestral version of the wild dog prowled ancient South Africa. The oldest fossil remains of this animal are about a million years old.
Cheetahs in North America | The American cheetah roamed present-day Texas between 3.2 million and 2.5 million years ago and went extinct about the time of the end of the last Ice Age.
Cheetahs in North America | The American cheetah roamed present-day Texas between 3.2 million and 2.5 million years ago and went extinct about the time of the end of the last Ice Age.
Giant beavers | Fossil records indicate that the giant beaver weighed up to 125 pounds, almost three times the size of today's North American beaver. It inhabited the Great Lakes region, and migrated as far south as South Carolina.
Giant beavers | Fossil records indicate that the giant beaver weighed up to 125 pounds, almost three times the size of today’s North American beaver. It inhabited the Great Lakes region, and migrated as far south as South Carolina.
Camels | Ancestors of camels, or camelops, crossed the Bering Strait land bridge and lived in North America until 13,000 years ago. Fossil records indicate that they lived in North America during the Eocene period, about 45 million years ago.
Camels | Ancestors of camels, or camelops, crossed the Bering Strait land bridge and lived in North America until 13,000 years ago. Fossil records indicate that they lived in North America during the Eocene period, about 45 million years ago.
Giant rodents in South America | A 1,500-pound rodent called Josephoartigasia monesi lived in South America starting about two million years ago. Its modern-day descendant is the guinea pig.
Giant rodents in South America | A 1,500-pound rodent called Josephoartigasia monesi lived in South America starting about two million years ago. Its modern-day descendant is the guinea pig.
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